Xrthnty

土耳其人
*Türkler*
土耳其人; Türkler
總人口
	; 约7000万[來源請求]; (同见土耳其人口和土耳其海外侨民);
分佈地區
; 土耳其;	; 55,500,000-59,000,000
; 德國;	; 3,500,000-4,000,000
; 伊拉克;	; 500,000-3,000,000
; 叙利亚;	; 750,000-1,500,000
; 保加利亚;	; 588,318
; 法国;	; 500,000-600,000
; 英國;	; 500,000 a
; 美國;	; 190,000 - 500,000 b
; 荷蘭;	; 400,000-500,000 c
; 奥地利;	; 350,000-500,000
; 北塞浦路斯;	; 300,000-500,000 d
; 比利時;	; 200,000
; 馬其頓;	; 77,959 - 200,000
; 沙烏地阿拉伯;	; 200,000 e
; 澳大利亚;	; 60,000-150,000 f
; 希臘;	; 80,000-150,000 g
; 哈萨克斯坦;	; 150,000 h
; 俄羅斯;	; 120,000-150,000
; 瑞士;	; 120,000 e
; 阿塞拜疆;	; 110,000 h
; 瑞典;	; 100,000-150,000 i
; 埃及;	; 70,000-100,000
; 丹麥;	; 70,000
; 羅馬尼亞;	; 55,000-80,000
; 黎巴嫩;	; 50,000-80,000
; 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那;	; 50,000
; 加拿大;	; 50,000
; 科索沃;	; 50,000
; 吉尔吉斯斯坦;	; 50,000 h
; 義大利;	; 21,000
; 挪威;	; 16,000 e
; 乌兹别克斯坦;	; 15,000 h
語言
	; 土耳其语;
宗教信仰
	; 主要为伊斯兰教 (逊尼派, 阿拉维派), 无神论;
相關民族
	; Turkic peoples · Anatolian peoples;
	; 註釋
	; a This includes between 300,000 to 400,000Turkish Cypriots living in the UK.; b Government immigration figures on the number of Turks in the US estimates a total of 190,000 persons; however, these statistics are not fully reliable because a considerable number of Turks were born in the Balkans and USSR.; c A further 10,000-30,000 people from Bulgaria live in the Netherlands. The majority are Bulgarian Turks and are the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands.; d; This includes Turkish settlers. A further 2,000 Turkish Cypriots currently reside in the southern part of the island.; e This figure only includes Turkish citizens. Therefore, this also includes ethnic minorities from Turkey; however, it does not include ethnic Turks who have either been born and/or have become naturalised citizens. Furthermore, these figures do not include ethnic Turkish minorities from Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo, Macedonia, Romania or any other traditional area of Turkish settlement because they are registered as citizens from the country they have immigrated from rather than their ethnic Turkish identity.; ; f; A further 40,000-60,000 Turkish Cypriots live in Australia.; g; This figure only includes Turks of Western Thrace. A further 5,000 live in the Rhodes and Kos. In addition to this, 8,297 immigrants live in Greece.; h; These figures only includes Meskhetian Turks.; ; i; A further 30,000 Turks from Bulgaria live in Sweden.

土耳其人是土耳其共和国的主体民族，绝大多数信奉伊斯兰教逊尼派，源自是奥斯曼帝国时期。该民族主要分布于土耳其、德国、法國、及其他一些国家如伊拉克、阿塞拜疆、北塞浦路斯、希腊、俄罗斯、保加利亚、格鲁吉亚、马其顿、科索沃、波斯尼亚、羅馬尼亞、奧地利、英國、荷兰、比利时、列支敦士登、澳大利亞、中亚、北美地区等地。而土耳其人祖先最早可追溯至突厥人。

他們使用的語言為土耳其語。他們的主要族源是安納托利亞的希臘人、亞美尼亞人、庫爾德人、阿拉伯人與波斯人，以及古代的赫梯、吕底亚人与後來的高加索和巴尔干半岛的居民。但在文化心理认同上，土耳其人普遍接受自己是突厥人^[74]。

土耳其人最早是由拜占廷希腊人与阿拉伯人混合而成，1071年之後，烏古斯人開始在安納托利亞建國，蒙古伊尔汗國时代大量乌古斯人因躲避蒙古人进入安納托利亞，逐渐融入當地居民中（同時傳入伊斯蘭教）。

身穿民族服饰的土耳其族的儿童

参考

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^ KONDA Research and Consultancy, Social Structure Survey 2006 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-11-24.

^ Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. Country Profile: Turkey (PDF). [2010-02-06].

^ CIA. The World Factbook. [2011-07-27].

^ European Institute. Merkel Stokes Immigration Debate in Germany. [2010-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-22）.

^ Kötter, I; Vonthein, R; Günaydin, I; Müller, C; Kanz, L; Zierhut, M; Stübiger, N, Behçet's Disease in Patients of German and Turkish Origin- A Comparative Study, (编) Zouboulis, Christos (ed.), Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 528, Springer: 55, 2003, ISBN 0306477572

^ Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny, Anthropology: The Human Challenge, Cengage Learning: 675, 2010, ISBN 0495810843

^ Park, Bill, Turkey's Policy Towards Northern Iraq: Problems and Perspectives, Taylor & Francis: 36, 2005, ISBN 0415382971

^ Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Halman, Talât Sait, Global Security Watch Turkey: A Reference Handbook, Greenwood Publishing Group: 165, 2009, ISBN 0313345600

^ Özkaya, Abdi Noyan, Suriye Kürtleri: Siyasi Etkisizlik ve Suriye Devleti’nin Politikaları (PDF), Review of International Law and Politics, 2007, 2 (8): 112, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-01-24）

^ National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2011 Census (Final data) (PDF). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria: 4. 2011.

^ Leveau, Remy; Hunter, Shireen T., Islam in France, (编) Hunter, Shireen, Islam, Europe's Second Religion: The New Social, Cultural, and Political Landscape, Greenwood Publishing Group: 6, 2002, ISBN 0275976092

^ Todays Zaman. France and its world famous capital 'Paris'. [2011-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2012年1月12日）.

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^ Federation of Turkish Associations UK. Short history of the Federation of Turkish Associations in UK. 19 June 2008 [2011-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-13）.

^ ^17.0^17.1 U.S. Census Bureau: American FactFinder. 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. [2009-09-22].

^ Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Immigration and Ethnicity: Turks. [2010-02-07].

^ The Washington Diplomat. Census Takes Aim to Tally'Hard to Count' Populations. [2011-05-05].

^ Netherlands Info Services. Dutch Queen Tells Turkey "First Steps Taken" On EU Membership Road. [2008-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-13）.

^ Dutch News. Dutch Turks swindled, AFM to investigate. [2008-12-16].

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^ BBC. Turkey's ambassador to Austria prompts immigration spat. BBC News. 2010-11-10 [2010-11-10].

^ Avrupa Türk-İslam Birliği. Avusturya Türk İslam Kültür ve Sosyal Yardımlaşma Birliği:Sosyal Hayat ve Dini Yapı. [2010-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-31）.

^ Andreas Mölzer. In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen. [2011-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-22）.

^ CBN. Turkey's Islamic Ambitions Grip Austria. [2011-10-16].

^ International Crisis Group. CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE. International Crisis Group: 2. 2010. （原始内容存档于2011-11-03）.

^ Cole, Jeffrey, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO: 95, 2011, ISBN 1598843028

^ King Baudouin Foundation, Diaspora philanthropy – a growing trend, Turkish communities and the EU (PDF), King Baudouin Foundation: 5, 2008, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-02-25）

^ De Morgen. Koning Boudewijnstichting doorprikt clichés rond Belgische Turken. [2010-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-29）.

^ Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia (PDF). Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office. [2008-07-09].

^ Abrahams, Fred, A Threat to "Stability": Human Rights Violations in Macedonia, Human Rights Watch: 53, 1996, ISBN 1564321703

^ Knowlton, MaryLee, Macedonia, Marshall Cavendish: 66, 2005, ISBN 0761418547

^ Karpat, Kemal H., Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays, BRILL: 12, 2004, ISBN 9004133224

^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia. [2011-07-13].

^ Sydney Morning Herald. Old foes, new friends. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-04-23 [2008-12-26].

^ Demographics of Greece. European Union National Languages. [19 December 2010].

^ Western Thrace Minority University Graduates Association, Western Thrace Turkish Minority (PDF), Culture and Education Foundation of Western Thrace Minority: 2, 2009, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-27）

^ Ergener, Rashid; Ergener, Resit, About Turkey: Geography, Economy, Politics, Religion, and Culture, Pilgrims Process: 106, 2002, ISBN 0971060967

^ WorldBulletin. Western Thrace Turks tell Erdogan of problems in Greece. [2010-03-26]. ^{[永久失效連結]}

^ ^41.0^41.1^41.2 Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve, Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences (PDF), Center for Applied Linguistics: 13, 2006, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-07-14）

^ Ryazantsev, Sergey V., Turkish Communities in the Russian Federation (PDF), International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2009, 11 (2): 172

^ The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation. Diaspora und Migrantengemeinschaften aus der Türkei in der Schweiz (PDF). [2008-12-16].

^ Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Turkiet är en viktig bro mellan Öst och Väst. [2011-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-11）.

^ Hurriyet Daily News. Businessman invites Swedes for cheap labor, regional access. [2011-04-14].

^ Bruce, Anthony, The Last Crusade. The Palestine Campaign in the First World War, John Murray: 12, 2003, ISBN 0719565057

^ Baedeker, Karl, Egypt, Elibron: lviii, 2000, ISBN 1402197055

^ DR Online. Tyrkisk afstand fra Islamisk Trossamfund. [2009-02-08].

^ Phinnemore, David, The EU and Romania: Accession and Beyond, The Federal Trust for Education & Research: 157, 2006, ISBN 1903403782

^ Constantin, Daniela L.; Goschin, Zizi; Dragusin, Mariana, Ethnic entrepreneurship as an integration factor in civil society and a gate to religious tolerance. A spotlight on Turkish entrepreneurs in Romania, Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 2008, 7 (20): 59

^ Todays Zaman. Tension adds to existing wounds in Lebanon. [2011-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-11）.

^ Zaman. Siyasî gerilim, Lübnan'ın yaralarını derinleştiriyor. [2011-04-06]. ^{[永久失效連結]}

^ ^53.0^53.1 Cole, Jeffrey, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO: 368, 2011, ISBN 1598843028

^ Canada's National Statistical Agency. Statistics Canada. [2008-07-09].

^ Turkish Embassy (Ottawa Canada). TURKISH - CANADIAN RELATIONS. [2010-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2010-02-04）.

^ Ozcurumez, Saime, Immigrant Associations in Canada: Included, Accommodated, or Excluded?, Turkish Studies (Routledge), 2009, 10 (2): 202

^ Thomas Goltz. Minority Within a Minority-- For Ethnic Turks, Serbian War is Another Chapter in a 600 Year Old Story. [2010-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-15）.

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^ Star Kibris. OLMALI MI, OLMAMALI MI?. 11 February 2010 [21 January 2011].

^ Kıbrıs Gazetesi. Dıştaki gençlerin askerlik sorunu çözülmedikçe…. 2 June 2011 [17 June 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011年8月1日）.

^ Karpat, Kemal H., The Turks in America, Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays, BRILL: 627, 2004, ISBN 9004133224

^ TheSophiaEcho. Turkish Bulgarians fastest-growing group of immigrants in The Netherlands. [2009-07-26].

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^ TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Briefing Notes on the Cyprus Issue. [2010-10-03].

^ Kibris Gazetesi. Avustralya'daki Kıbrıslı Türkler ve Temsilcilik.... [2011-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-21）.

^ BRT. AVUSTURALYA’DA KIBRS TÜRKÜNÜN SESİ. [2011-07-18].

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^ Laczko, Frank; Stacher, Irene; Klekowski von Koppenfels, Amanda, New challenges for Migration Policy in Central and Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press: 187, 2002, ISBN 906704153X

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[1] Milliyet. 55 milyon kişi 'etnik olarak' Türk. [2011-07-21].

[KONDA-2] KONDA Research and Consultancy, Social Structure Survey 2006 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-11-24.

[3] Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. Country Profile: Turkey (PDF). [2010-02-06].

[4] CIA. The World Factbook. [2011-07-27].

[5] European Institute. Merkel Stokes Immigration Debate in Germany. [2010-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-22）.

[6] Kötter, I; Vonthein, R; Günaydin, I; Müller, C; Kanz, L; Zierhut, M; Stübiger, N, Behçet's Disease in Patients of German and Turkish Origin- A Comparative Study, (编) Zouboulis, Christos (ed.), Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 528, Springer: 55, 2003, ISBN 0306477572

[7] Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E. L.; Walrath, Dana; McBride, Bunny, Anthropology: The Human Challenge, Cengage Learning: 675, 2010, ISBN 0495810843

[8] Park, Bill, Turkey's Policy Towards Northern Iraq: Problems and Perspectives, Taylor & Francis: 36, 2005, ISBN 0415382971

[9] Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Halman, Talât Sait, Global Security Watch Turkey: A Reference Handbook, Greenwood Publishing Group: 165, 2009, ISBN 0313345600

[10] Özkaya, Abdi Noyan, Suriye Kürtleri: Siyasi Etkisizlik ve Suriye Devleti’nin Politikaları (PDF), Review of International Law and Politics, 2007, 2 (8): 112, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-01-24）

[11] National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2011 Census (Final data) (PDF). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria: 4. 2011.

[12] Leveau, Remy; Hunter, Shireen T., Islam in France, (编) Hunter, Shireen, Islam, Europe's Second Religion: The New Social, Cultural, and Political Landscape, Greenwood Publishing Group: 6, 2002, ISBN 0275976092

[13] Todays Zaman. France and its world famous capital 'Paris'. [2011-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2012年1月12日）.

[HomeAffairsCommittee-14] 14.0^14.1 Home Affairs Committee. Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union (PDF). The Stationery Office: Ev 34. 2011.

[15] The Guardian. UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs. 1 August 2011 [1 August 2011].

[Federation_of_Turkish_Associations_UK-16] Federation of Turkish Associations UK. Short history of the Federation of Turkish Associations in UK. 19 June 2008 [2011-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-13）.

[US2008-17] 17.0^17.1 U.S. Census Bureau: American FactFinder. 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. [2009-09-22].

[encyclopedia1-18] Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Immigration and Ethnicity: Turks. [2010-02-07].

[19] The Washington Diplomat. Census Takes Aim to Tally'Hard to Count' Populations. [2011-05-05].

[20] Netherlands Info Services. Dutch Queen Tells Turkey "First Steps Taken" On EU Membership Road. [2008-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-13）.

[21] Dutch News. Dutch Turks swindled, AFM to investigate. [2008-12-16].

[22] Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 2008，11.

[23] BBC. Turkey's ambassador to Austria prompts immigration spat. BBC News. 2010-11-10 [2010-11-10].

[24] Avrupa Türk-İslam Birliği. Avusturya Türk İslam Kültür ve Sosyal Yardımlaşma Birliği:Sosyal Hayat ve Dini Yapı. [2010-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-31）.

[25] Andreas Mölzer. In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen. [2011-10-16]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-22）.

[26] CBN. Turkey's Islamic Ambitions Grip Austria. [2011-10-16].

[27] International Crisis Group. CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE. International Crisis Group: 2. 2010. （原始内容存档于2011-11-03）.

[28] Cole, Jeffrey, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO: 95, 2011, ISBN 1598843028

[29] King Baudouin Foundation, Diaspora philanthropy – a growing trend, Turkish communities and the EU (PDF), King Baudouin Foundation: 5, 2008, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-02-25）

[30] De Morgen. Koning Boudewijnstichting doorprikt clichés rond Belgische Turken. [2010-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-29）.

[31] Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia (PDF). Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office. [2008-07-09].

[32] Abrahams, Fred, A Threat to "Stability": Human Rights Violations in Macedonia, Human Rights Watch: 53, 1996, ISBN 1564321703

[33] Knowlton, MaryLee, Macedonia, Marshall Cavendish: 66, 2005, ISBN 0761418547

[34] Karpat, Kemal H., Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays, BRILL: 12, 2004, ISBN 9004133224

[35] Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia. [2011-07-13].

[36] Sydney Morning Herald. Old foes, new friends. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-04-23 [2008-12-26].

[37] Demographics of Greece. European Union National Languages. [19 December 2010].

[38] Western Thrace Minority University Graduates Association, Western Thrace Turkish Minority (PDF), Culture and Education Foundation of Western Thrace Minority: 2, 2009, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-27）

[39] Ergener, Rashid; Ergener, Resit, About Turkey: Geography, Economy, Politics, Religion, and Culture, Pilgrims Process: 106, 2002, ISBN 0971060967

[40] WorldBulletin. Western Thrace Turks tell Erdogan of problems in Greece. [2010-03-26]. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[Aydıngün_et_al_2006_loc=13-41] 41.0^41.1^41.2 Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve, Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences (PDF), Center for Applied Linguistics: 13, 2006, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-07-14）

[42] Ryazantsev, Sergey V., Turkish Communities in the Russian Federation (PDF), International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2009, 11 (2): 172

[43] The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation. Diaspora und Migrantengemeinschaften aus der Türkei in der Schweiz (PDF). [2008-12-16].

[44] Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Turkiet är en viktig bro mellan Öst och Väst. [2011-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-11）.

[45] Hurriyet Daily News. Businessman invites Swedes for cheap labor, regional access. [2011-04-14].

[46] Bruce, Anthony, The Last Crusade. The Palestine Campaign in the First World War, John Murray: 12, 2003, ISBN 0719565057

[47] Baedeker, Karl, Egypt, Elibron: lviii, 2000, ISBN 1402197055

[48] DR Online. Tyrkisk afstand fra Islamisk Trossamfund. [2009-02-08].

[49] Phinnemore, David, The EU and Romania: Accession and Beyond, The Federal Trust for Education & Research: 157, 2006, ISBN 1903403782

[50] Constantin, Daniela L.; Goschin, Zizi; Dragusin, Mariana, Ethnic entrepreneurship as an integration factor in civil society and a gate to religious tolerance. A spotlight on Turkish entrepreneurs in Romania, Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 2008, 7 (20): 59

[51] Todays Zaman. Tension adds to existing wounds in Lebanon. [2011-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-11）.

[52] Zaman. Siyasî gerilim, Lübnan'ın yaralarını derinleştiriyor. [2011-04-06]. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[Cole_2011_loc=368-53] 53.0^53.1 Cole, Jeffrey, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO: 368, 2011, ISBN 1598843028

[54] Canada's National Statistical Agency. Statistics Canada. [2008-07-09].

[55] Turkish Embassy (Ottawa Canada). TURKISH - CANADIAN RELATIONS. [2010-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2010-02-04）.

[56] Ozcurumez, Saime, Immigrant Associations in Canada: Included, Accommodated, or Excluded?, Turkish Studies (Routledge), 2009, 10 (2): 202

[57] Thomas Goltz. Minority Within a Minority-- For Ethnic Turks, Serbian War is Another Chapter in a 600 Year Old Story. [2010-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-15）.

[58] IRIN Asia. KYRGYZSTAN: Focus on Mesketian Turks. [2010-03-17].

[59] Sabah. Eyvah Türkler geldi!. [2011-10-24].

[60] tvmsnbc. Roma'da bir Türk Film Festivali. [2011-10-24].

[61] Statistics Norway. Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background 1 January 2010. [2010-05-04].

[62] Refworld. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Uzbekistan : Meskhetian Turks. [2009-04-04].

[63] Star Kibris. OLMALI MI, OLMAMALI MI?. 11 February 2010 [21 January 2011].

[64] Kıbrıs Gazetesi. Dıştaki gençlerin askerlik sorunu çözülmedikçe…. 2 June 2011 [17 June 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011年8月1日）.

[65] Karpat, Kemal H., The Turks in America, Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays, BRILL: 627, 2004, ISBN 9004133224

[66] TheSophiaEcho. Turkish Bulgarians fastest-growing group of immigrants in The Netherlands. [2009-07-26].

[67] Hatay, Mete, Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking? (PDF), International Peace Research Institute: 40, 2007, ISBN 978-82-7288-244-9, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-05-15）

[68] TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Briefing Notes on the Cyprus Issue. [2010-10-03].

[69] Kibris Gazetesi. Avustralya'daki Kıbrıslı Türkler ve Temsilcilik.... [2011-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-21）.

[70] BRT. AVUSTURALYA’DA KIBRS TÜRKÜNÜN SESİ. [2011-07-18].

[71] Western Thrace Minority University Graduates Association, Western Thrace Turkish Minority (PDF), Culture and Education Foundation of Western Thrace Minority: 6, 2009 ^{[永久失效連結]}

[72] MigrantsInGreece. Data on immigrants in Greece, from Census 2001, Legalization applications 1998, and valid Residence Permits, 2004 (PDF). [2009-03-26]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-25）.

[73] Laczko, Frank; Stacher, Irene; Klekowski von Koppenfels, Amanda, New challenges for Migration Policy in Central and Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press: 187, 2002, ISBN 906704153X

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