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Bank of England note issues

The United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (red) and British overseas territories (blue) using the Pound or their local issue
ISO 4217
Code	GBP (Great Britain Pound)
Denominations
Currency symbol £ Subunit currently penny (1/100); previously, until decimalisation on 15 February 1971, shilling (1/20) and penny (1/240) Subunit symbol p (penny); s or /- (shilling); d (pre-decimal penny) Banknotes Denominations (currently) £5, £10, £20, £50
Demographics
Users	United Kingdom Jersey Guernsey Isle of Man South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Tristan da Cunha only)
Legal Tender in	England and Wales
Issuance
Issued by	Bank of England
Printer	De La Rue
v t e

The Bank of England, which is now the central bank of the United Kingdom, has issued banknotes since 1694. In 1921 The Bank of England gained a legal monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, a process that started with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 when the ability of other banks to issue notes was restricted.

Banknotes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855. Since 1970, the Bank of England's notes have featured portraits of British historical figures.

Of the eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the UK, only the Bank of England can issue banknotes in England and Wales, where its notes are legal tender. Bank of England notes are not legal tender in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but are accepted there along with the respective countries' national banknotes.

Current banknotes

There are currently four different denominations of notes – £5, £10, £20 and £50. Each value has its own distinct colour scheme and the size of each note increases in length and width as the value increases.^[1][2]

Current banknotes

Image		Value	Dimensions (millimetres)	Material	Main colour		Reverse figure	Issue date	Notes
Obverse	Reverse
		£5	125 × 65	Polymer		Turquoise/blue	1941 portrait of Winston Churchill by Yousuf Karsh, the Elizabeth Tower, and the maze at Blenheim Palace, the quote "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat." from a 1940 speech by Churchill, and the Nobel Prize medal.	13 September 2016[3]	This is the Bank of England's first banknote to be printed in polymer.
		£10	132 × 69	Polymer		Orange	Portrait of author Jane Austen (c. 1810) by James Andrews, based on a portrait by her sister, Cassandra, the quote "I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading!" from Pride and Prejudice, an illustration of Elizabeth Bennet and a view of Godmersham Park in Kent.[4][5]	14 September 2017[1]	The previous note featuring Charles Darwin was withdrawn from circulation on 1 March 2018.[6]
		£20	149 × 80	Paper		Purple	Economist Adam Smith with an illustration showing his theory of "the division of labour in pin manufacturing"	13 March 2007[7]	A new polymer £20 note, featuring J. M. W. Turner, will be launched in 2020[6][8] (see Forthcoming notes section below).
		£50	156 × 85	Paper		Red	Steam engine industrialists, Matthew Boulton and James Watt with steam engine and Boulton's Soho factory.	2 November 2011[9]	The Bank of England has announced that a new £50 note is to be issued in polymer (see Forthcoming notes section below).[10] It will feature a scientist.[11]

These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Source: Bank of England website

Features

All current Bank of England banknotes are printed by contract with De La Rue at Debden, Essex.^[12] They include the printed signature of the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England (Victoria Cleland for notes issued since September 2015)^[13] and depict Elizabeth II in full view, facing left. On the left hand side of the £20 and £50 notes there is a hidden watermark, featuring the Queen facing right. The £5 and £10 polymer notes do not contain a watermark.^[2] More recent issues also include the EURion constellation. This is a pattern of yellow circles which stop copying of banknotes. They are easily identified by photocopiers.^[14][15]

Elizabeth II has appeared on all the notes issued since Series C in 1960. The custom of depicting historical figures on the reverse began in 1970 with Series D, designed by the bank's first permanent artist, Harry Eccleston.

Forthcoming notes

J. M. W. Turner's Self-portrait, oil on canvas, c. 1799, which will be featured on the new £20 note

Polymer £20

In 2015, the Bank of England launched a public competition to nominate historic personalities with links to the visual arts for a future redesign of the £20 banknote. The Governor of the Bank of England asked the public to "think beyond the obvious" when nominating suggestions, with over 29,700 nominations finally made.^[16][17][18] In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next £20 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.^[19] This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J. M. W. Turner on the next £20 note which will enter circulation in 2020.^[6][20] Images on the reverse of the new note will include a 1799 self-portrait of Turner, a representation of his painting The Fighting Temeraire, the quotation "Light is therefore colour" from an 1818 lecture by him, and a copy of Turner's signature as made on his will.^[8]

Polymer £50

On 13 October 2018, the Bank of England announced that the next £50 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.^[10] Members of the public have been invited to nominate a scientist to feature on it.^[11]

Withdrawn notes

History

The Bank of England has not always had a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales. Until the middle of the 19th century, private banks in Great Britain and Ireland were free to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.^[22] Over the years, various Acts of Parliament were introduced by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to increase confidence in banknotes in circulation by limiting the rights of banks to issue notes. Eventually the Bank of England gained a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales.

Provincial banknote issues

Attempts to restrict banknote issue by banks other than the Bank of England began in 1708 and 1709, when Acts of Parliament were passed which prohibited banking companies of more than six partners or shareholders. Notes under 1 guinea & 5 guineas were prohibited in the 1770s and thereafter almost all the provincial banks were established by the more substantial merchants, landed gentry etc of a town and district.^{[23][24][25][26]}

Gold shortages

Gold shortages in the 18th century, caused by the Seven Years' War and war with Revolutionary France, began to affect the supply of gold bullion reserves, giving rise to the "Restriction Period". The result was that the Bank was unable to pay out gold for its notes, and at the same time began to issue lower denominations £1 and £2 notes in place of gold guineas, that were hoarded as so often was the case in time of war.^[27] Confidence in the value of banknotes was rarely affected, except during 1809–11 and 1814–15 under the extreme conditions of war.

Restriction of banknote issues

The Country Bankers’ Act 1826 allowed some joint-stock banks outside London to issue notes, and also allowed the Bank of England to open branches in major provincial cities, enabling better distribution of its notes.^[27]

Introduction of legal tender

With the passing of the Bank Notes Act 1833, Bank of England notes over £5 in value were first given the status of "legal tender" in England and Wales, effectively guaranteeing the worth of the Bank's notes and ensuring public confidence in the notes in times of crisis or war.^[27] The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 extended the definition of legal tender to ten shilling and £1 notes; unlike the 1833 Act, this law also applied to Scotland, meaning that English notes under £5 were classed as legal tender. The Bank of England ten-shilling note was withdrawn in 1969 and the £1 was removed from circulation in 1988,^[28] leaving a legal curiosity in Scots law whereby there is now no paper legal tender in Scotland.^[29] (Scottish notes were not included in the 1833 or 1954 Acts.)

Note-issuing monopoly

£5 note issued by the Fox, Fowler and Company bank in Wellington, Somerset

The Bank Charter Act 1844 began the process which gave the Bank of England exclusive note-issuing powers. Under the Act, no new banks could start issuing notes, and note-issuing banks in England and Wales were barred from expanding their note issue.^{[nb 1]} Gradually, these banks vanished through mergers, closures and take-overs, and their note issues went with them. The last privately issued banknotes in Wales were withdrawn in 1908, on the closure of the last Welsh bank, the North and South Wales Bank.^[30] The last private English banknotes were issued in 1921 by Fox, Fowler and Company, a Somerset bank.^[27][31]

Note printing

Notes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855, no doubt to the relief of the bank's workers. Until 1928 all notes were "White Notes", printed in black and with a blank reverse. During the 20th century White Notes were issued in denominations between £5 and £1000, but in the 18th and 19th centuries there were White Notes for £1 and £2.

20th century

Obverse side of the ten-shilling banknote issued by HM Treasury.

In 1921 the Bank of England gained a legal monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, a process that started with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 when the ability of other banks to issue notes was restricted.

The Bank's first issue of ten-shilling and £1 notes in the 20th century was on 22 November 1928 when the Bank took over responsibility for these denominations from the Treasury. The Treasury had issued notes of these denominations three days after the declaration of war in 1914 in order to supplant the sovereign and half-sovereign and remove gold coins from circulation. The notes issued by the Bank in 1928 were the first coloured banknotes and also the first notes to be printed on both sides.

World War II saw a reversal in the trend of warfare creating more notes when, in order to combat forgery, higher denomination notes (at the time as high as £1,000) were removed from circulation.

Denominations

Banknotes in various denominations have been issued over time. The denominations are listed in this table, using information from the Bank of England's Withdrawn Banknote guide:^[28]

10/-

The Bank of England's first ten-shilling (10/-) note was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia, a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was red-brown. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous £1 note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced, and the colour of the note was changed to mauve for the duration of the war. The original design of the note was replaced by the Series C design on 12 October 1961, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. As part of the planned Series D, which introduced historical figures, a new 10/- note was planned that featured Sir Walter Raleigh, which would be converted to a 50p note upon decimalisation. However, given the estimated lifespan of the note, it was decided to replace the 10/- note with the 50p coin.^[21] The ten-shilling note was withdrawn from circulation on 20 November 1970 following the introduction on 14 October 1969 of the fifty pence coin.^[28]

£1

£1 note, issued from London in 1805

The emergency wartime issue of 1940–48

The first Bank of England £1 note was issued on 2 March 1797^[28] under the direction of Thomas Raikes, Governor of the Bank of England, and according to the orders of the government of William Pitt the Younger, in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars.

The Bank of England's first £1 note since 1845 was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia, a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was green. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous ten shilling note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced, and the colour of the note was changed to blue and pink for the duration of the war, to combat German counterfeits. The original design of the note was replaced by the Series C design on 17 March 1960, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. The Series C £1 note was withdrawn on 31 May 1979. On 9 February 1978 the Series D design (known as the "Pictorial Series") featuring Sir Isaac Newton on the reverse was issued, but following the introduction on 21 April 1983 of the £1 coin, the note was withdrawn from circulation on 11 March 1988.^[28]

£5

A 1952 Bank of England £5 note or "white fiver" showing Britannia in the top left corner

The first Bank of England £5 note was issued in 1793^[28] in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars. (Previously the smallest note issued had been £10.) The 1793 design, latterly known as the "White Fiver" (black printing on white paper), remained in circulation essentially unchanged until 21 February 1957 when the multicoloured (although predominantly dark blue) "Series B" note, depicting the helmeted Britannia, was introduced. The old "White Fiver" was withdrawn on 13 March 1961.^[28]

The Series B note was replaced in turn on 21 February 1963 by the "Series C" £5 note which for the first time introduced the portrait of the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to the £5 note (the Queen's portrait having first appeared on the Series C ten shilling and £1 notes issued in 1960). The Series C £5 note was withdrawn on 31 August 1973.

On 11 November 1971, the "Series D" pictorial £5 note was issued, showing a slightly older portrait of the Queen and a battle scene featuring the Duke of Wellington on the reverse. It was withdrawn on 29 November 1991.

On 7 June 1990, the "Series E" £5 note, by now the smallest denomination issued by the Bank, was issued. The Series E note (known as the "Historical Series") changed the colour of the denomination to a turquoise blue, and incorporated design elements to make photocopying and computer reproduction of the notes more difficult. Initially the reverse of the Series E £5 note featured the railway engineer George Stephenson, but on 21 May 2002 a new Series E note, in a green colour and featuring the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, was issued.

The initial printing of several million Stephenson notes was destroyed when it was noticed that the wrong year for his death had been printed. The original issue of the Fry banknote was withdrawn after it was found the ink on the serial number could be rubbed off the surface of the note;^[32] these notes are now very rare and sought by collectors. The Stephenson £5 note was withdrawn as legal tender from 21 November 2003, at which time it formed around 54 million of the 211 million £5 notes in circulation.

£10

A £10 banknote, issued from Manchester in 1919

The first Bank of England £10 note was issued in 1759,^[28] when the Seven Years' War caused severe gold shortages. Following the withdrawal of the denomination after the Second World War, it was not reintroduced until 21 February 1964 when a new brown-coloured note was issued in the Series C design. The Series C note was withdrawn on 31 May 1979.

The Series D pictorial note appeared on 20 February 1975, featuring nurse and public health pioneer Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) on the reverse, plus a scene showing her work at the army hospital in Scutari during the Crimean War. It was withdrawn on 20 May 1994.

On 29 April 1992, a new £10 note in Series E, with orange rather than brown as the dominant colour, was issued. The reverse featured Charles Dickens and a scene from The Pickwick Papers. This note was withdrawn from circulation on 31 July 2003. A second Series E note was issued on 7 November 2000 featuring Charles Darwin, HMS Beagle, a hummingbird, and flowers under a magnifying glass, illustrating the Origin of Species. The hummingbird's inclusion was criticised, since Darwin's ideas were spurred by finches and mockingbirds, not hummingbirds.^[33]

Polymer £10

When it was announced that Winston Churchill would feature on the new £5 note, concern was raised about the lack of female representation on banknotes, as there would be a period when no primary note's reverse featured a woman.^[34] A petition to include a woman on the new £10 note gained over 35,000 signatures.^[35]

On 24 June 2013, Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney announced that a newly designed £10 banknote, featuring novelist Jane Austen, would be issued in 2017.^[36] The campaign for a woman to appear celebrated the choice as "a brilliant day".^[35] The date of issue was subsequently confirmed as 14 September 2017.^[6]

Like the £5 note featuring Churchill, the new £10 note is made from polymer rather than cotton paper.^[37][38] It depicts:

• The quotation "I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading!" from Pride and Prejudice (Miss Bingley, Chapter XI).^[36]


• A portrait of Jane Austen. Commissioned by James Edward Austen Leigh (Jane Austen's nephew) in 1870, which was adapted from an original sketch of Jane Austen drawn by her sister, Cassandra Austen.^[36]


• An illustration of Miss Elizabeth Bennet undertaking "the examination of all the letters which Jane had written to her" – from a drawing by Isabel Bishop (1902–1988).^[36]


• An image of Godmersham Park, the home of Edward Austen Knight, Jane Austen's brother. Jane Austen visited the house often and it is believed that it was the inspiration for a number of her novels.^[36]


• Jane Austen's writing table – the central design in the background is based on the twelve-sided writing table, and writing quills, used by Jane Austen at Chawton Cottage.^[36]

£20

A £20 note, issued in 1934

£20 notes, in white, appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945.^[28]

After World War II, the £20 denomination did not reappear until 1970, when the new Series D £20 note, predominantly in purple and featuring a statue of William Shakespeare and the balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet on its reverse, was introduced on 9 July. On 5 June 1991 this note was replaced by the first Series E £20 note, featuring the physicist Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution lectures. By 1999 this note had been extensively copied, and therefore it became the first denomination to be replaced on 22 June 1999 by a second Series E design, featuring a bolder denomination figure at the top left of the obverse side, and a reverse side featuring the composer Sir Edward Elgar and Worcester Cathedral. The £20 banknote was known to have suffered from higher cases of counterfeiting (276,000 out of 290,000 cases detected in 2007) than any other denominations.^[39]

In February 2006, the Bank announced a new design for the note^[40] which featured Scottish economist Adam Smith with a drawing of a pin factory – the institution which supposedly inspired his theory of economics. Smith is the first Scot to appear on a Bank of England note, although the economist has already appeared on Scottish Clydesdale Bank £50 notes. The design of the £20 note was controversial for two reasons: the choice of a Scottish figure on an English note was a break with tradition; and the removal of Elgar took place in the year of the 150th anniversary of the composer's birth, causing a group of English MPs to table a motion in the House of Commons calling for the new design to be delayed.^[41][42] The new note entered circulation on 13 March 2007.^[43] The Elgar note ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 2010.^[44]

£50

A £50 note, issued in 1934

£50 notes, in white, appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945.^[28]

The £50 denomination did not reappear until 20 March 1981 when a Series D design was issued featuring the architect Christopher Wren and the plan of St Paul's Cathedral on the reverse of this large note. In 1994 this denomination was the last of the first Series E issue, when the Bank commemorated its 300th birthday by featuring its first governor, Sir John Houblon, on the reverse. The old Series D £50 note was withdrawn from circulation on 20 September 1996.

In May 2009, the Bank of England announced a new design in Series F, featuring James Watt, Matthew Boulton, the Whitbread Engine and Soho Manufactory.^[45] It entered circulation on 2 November 2011^[46] and is the first Bank of England note to feature two portraits on the reverse.^[47][48] The predominant colour of this denomination banknote is red. This note includes a security feature not present in the other denominations (though it is by no means the only security feature in any of the notes). The interwoven thread ("Motion") is a hologram whose image of a green circle with a "£" sign alternates with a green "50" as the note is rotated. If the note is rotated, the image appears to move up and down, in the opposite plane to the rotation.

£500,000

The Bank of England held money on behalf of other countries and issued Treasury bills to cover such deposits, on Bank of England paper. Examples include a note issued in London on behalf of the Royal Roumanian Government on 21 January 1915, payable on 21 January 1916, for £500,000, and a similar Treasury bill, dated 22 April 1927 payable on 22 April 1928. These exist in private hands as cancelled specimens.^[49]

£1,000,000, £10,000,000 and £100,000,000

The banknotes issued by the banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland are required to be backed pound for pound by Bank of England notes. High denomination notes, for £1 million ("Giants") and £100 million ("Titans"), were used for this purpose.^[50] They were used only internally within the Bank and were never seen in circulation.^[50] They were based on a much older design of banknote, and are A5 and A4 sized respectively.^[51] However, the need for these large notes has been obviated by section 217(2)(c) of the Banking Act 2009.

Nine £1 million notes were issued in connection with the Marshall Plan on 30 August 1948, signed by E. E. Bridges, and were used internally as "records of movement", for a six-week period (along with other denominations, with total face value of £300,000,000, corresponding to a loan from the US to help shore up the UK Treasury. These were cancelled on 6 October 1948, and presumably destroyed, except for the £1,000,000 "Number Seven" and "Number Eight" notes (serial numbers 000007 and 000008), which were given to the U.K. and U.S. Treasury Secretaries. These two have been in private hands since 1977, and most recently, the "Number Eight" was auctioned for £69,000. These are "Treasury Notes" issued on Bank of England paper, and indicate "It states: 'This Treasury note entitles the Bank of England to payment of one million pounds on demand out of the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom'."^[52][53]

A third note surfaced on the collector market, dated 8 September 2003, serial number is R016492, and it is signed by Andrew Turnbull, Secretary to the Treasury, and cancelled.

A £10 million note was auctioned by Dix Noonan Webb, in London on 29 September 2014. The Treasury Bill, which promises to pay the bearer £10 million but is stamped “cancelled”, is expected to fetch a more modest figure of up to £15,000 in the sale.
^[54]

Until 2006, these Treasury Notes were issued by the Bank of England, in the City of London. The British Treasury would manage its cash and ensure that adequate funds were available. London's banks and other financial institutions would bid for these instruments, at a discount, specifying which day the following week they wanted the bills issued. Maturities would be for one, three, six, or theoretically but not practically, twelve months. The tenders were for the face value of the Treasury Notes, less a discount, which represented the interest rate. This system was replaced by a computerised system by the Debt Management Office, which is an Executive Agency of the Treasury, and the last Treasury Notes were printed in September 2003. These notes would often get traded to other banks, so they did circulate; this was done without the Bank of England's knowledge, and the notes would be redeemed by the bank on their date of maturity by the bearer. This circulating nature of the notes led to the robbery on 2 May 1990, of John Goddard, a messenger for the firm Sheppards, with £292 million in Treasury bills and certificates of deposit having been stolen. All but two of these have been recovered.^[55]

Counterfeited and withdrawn notes

An Operation Bernhard forgery of the Bank of England £5 note

William Booth, of South Staffordshire, was a notable forger of English banknotes, and was hanged for the crime in 1812. Several of his forgeries and printing plates are in the collection of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.^[56]

During World War II the German Operation Bernhard attempted to counterfeit various denominations between £5 and £50, producing 500,000 notes each month in 1943. The original plan was to parachute the money into Britain in an attempt to destabilise the British economy, but it was found more useful to use the notes to pay German agents operating throughout Europe. Although most fell into Allied hands at the end of the war, forgeries frequently appeared for years afterwards, so all denominations of banknote above £5 were subsequently removed from circulation. The incident is alluded to in Ian Fleming's James Bond novel Goldfinger.

All banknotes, regardless of when they were withdrawn from circulation, may be presented at the Bank of England where they will be exchanged for current banknotes and coins. In practice, commercial banks will accept most banknotes from their customers and negotiate them with the Bank of England themselves. However, forgeries (including Bernhard notes) will be retained and destroyed by the Bank. If a suspect note is found to be genuine a full refund by cheque will be made. However, it is a criminal offence to knowingly hold or pass a counterfeit bank note without lawful authority or excuse.

In popular culture

Adolf Burger displaying a forged £5 note at the Paris première of Die Fälscher, January 2008

• The 2007 Austrian-German film The Counterfeiters (Die Fälscher) tells the story of Salomon Sorowitsch (real name Salomon Smolianoff), a Jewish forger who is put to work forging Bank of England notes on Operation Bernhard in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. On 13 March 2009 BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Counterfeiter's Tale, a 30-minute partly dramatised documentary about the production of the notes in Sachsenhausen. It was re-broadcast by Radio 4 Extra on 15 November 2015.


• 
  Mark Twain's short story "The Million Pound Bank Note" deals with an impoverished American in London who is given the use of a million-pound Bank of England note for thirty days—two Englishmen betting whether or not he will be able to survive on a note for which he cannot possibly be given change. He does succeed in surviving, quite well, and marries one of the bettors' daughters. The story was also made into a 1953 film, The Million Pound Note starring Gregory Peck, and is parodied in the episode of The Simpsons "The Trouble with Trillions".


• A fictionalised version of the Operation Bernhard story was the topic of a comedy drama serial Private Schulz (starring Michael Elphick and Ian Richardson) broadcast on BBC Two in 1981.


• The 2001 TV film Hot Money, starring Caroline Quentin, tells the story of three workers at the Bank who come up with a method of stealing from the cages containing old notes waiting to be destroyed.

See also

• Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928


• Banknotes of the pound sterling

Notes

References

External links

• Bank of England: Banknotes


• Bank of England: Withdrawn Banknotes


• Bank of England website


• Bank of England Museum


• £5 note, 1947 Bank of England £5 note at The British Museum