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Finch
Eurasian bullfinch (female above, male below)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Passeroidea
Family:	Fringillidae Leach, 1820
Subfamilies
Fringillinae Carduelinae Euphoniinae

The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usually resident and do not migrate. They have a worldwide distribution except for Australia and the polar regions. The family includes species known as siskins, canaries, redpolls, serins, grosbeaks and euphonias.

Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches". These groups include: the estrildid finches (Estrildidae) of the Old World tropics and Australia; some members of the Old World bunting family (Emberizidae) and the American sparrow family (Passerellidae); and the Darwin's finches of the Galapagos islands, now considered members of the tanager family (Thraupidae).^[1]

Finches and canaries were used in the UK, Canada and USA in the coal mining industry, to detect carbon monoxide from the eighteenth to twentieth century. This practice ceased in the UK in 1986.^[2]

Systematics and taxonomy

The taxonomy of the finch family, in particular the cardueline finches, has a long and complicated history. The study of the relationship between the taxa has been confounded by the recurrence of similar morphologies due to the convergence of species occupying similar niches.^[3] In 1968 the American ornithologist Raymond Andrew Paynter Jr. wrote:

Limits of the genera and relationships among the species are less understood – and subject to more controversy – in the carduelines than in any other species of passerines, with the possible exception of the estrildines [waxbills].^[4]

Beginning in around 1990 a series of phylogenetic studies based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences resulted in substantial revisions being made to the taxonomy. Several groups of birds that had previously been assigned to other families were found to be related to the finches. The Neotropical Euphonia and the Chlorophonia were formerly placed in the tanager family Thraupidae due to their similar appearance but analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed that both genera were more closely related to the finches. They are now placed in a separate subfamily Euphoniinae within the Fringillidae.^[5][6] The Hawaiian honeycreepers were at one time placed in their own family, Drepanididae but were found to be closely related to the Carpodacus rosefinches and are now placed within the Carduelinae subfamily.^[3] The three largest genera, Carpodacus, Carduelis and Serinus were found to be polyphyletic.^[3][7][8] Each was split into monophyletic genera. The American rosefinches were moved from Carpodacus to Haemorhous. Carduelis was split by moving the greenfinches to Chloris and a large clade into Spinus leaving just three species in the original genus. Thirty seven species were moved from Serinus to Crithagra leaving eight species in the original genus.^[6] Today the family Fringillidae is divided into three subfamilies, the Fringillinae containing a single genus with the chaffinches, the Carduelinae containing 183 species divided into 49 genera, and the Euphoniinae containing the Euphonia and the Chlorophonia.^[3]

Euphonias, like this thick-billed euphonia, were once treated as tanagers instead of finches

Although Przewalski's "rosefinch" (Urocynchramus pylzowi) has ten primary flight feathers rather than the nine primaries of other finches, it was sometimes classified in the Carduelinae. It is now assigned to a distinct family, Urocynchramidae, monotypic as to genus and species, and with no particularly close relatives among the Passeroidea.^[6][9]

Fossil record

Fossil remains of true finches are rare, and those that are known can mostly be assigned to extant genera at least. Like the other Passeroidea families, the true finches seem to be of roughly Middle Miocene origin, around 20 to 10 million years ago (Ma). An unidentifable finch fossil from the Messinian age, around 12 to 7.3 million years ago (Ma) during the Late Miocene subepoch, has been found at Polgárdi in Hungary.^[11][12][13]

Etymology

The scientific name Fringillidae comes from the Latin word fringilla for the common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), a member of the family which is common in Europe. The name was coined by the English zoologist William Elford Leach in a guide to the contents of the British Museum published in 1820.^[14][15]

Description

The smallest "classical" true finches are the Andean siskin (Spinus spinescens) at as little as 9.5 cm (3.8 in) and the lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria) at as little as 8 g (0.28 oz). The largest species is probably the collared grosbeak (Mycerobas affinis) at up to 24 cm (9.4 in) and 83 g (2.9 oz), although larger lengths, to 25.5 cm (10.0 in) in the pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), and weights, to 86.1 g (3.04 oz) in the evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertinus), have been recorded in species which are slightly smaller on average.^[16][17] They typically have strong, stubby beaks, which in some species can be quite large; however, Hawaiian honeycreepers are famous for the wide range of bill shapes and sizes brought about by adaptive radiation. All true finches have 9 primary remiges and 12 rectrices. The basic plumage colour is brownish, sometimes greenish; many have considerable amounts of black, while white plumage is generally absent except as wing-bars or other signalling marks. Bright yellow and red carotenoid pigments are commonplace in this family, and thus blue structural colours are rather rare, as the yellow pigments turn the blue color into green. Many, but by no means all true finches have strong sexual dichromatism, the females typically lacking the bright carotenoid markings of males.^[1]

Distribution and habitat

American goldfinch (Spinus tristis) male (left) and female (right) in Johnson County, North Carolina, USA

The finches have a near-global distribution, being found across the Americas, Eurasia and Africa, as well as some island groups such as the Hawaiian islands. They are absent from Australasia, Antarctica, the Southern Pacific and the islands of the Indian Ocean, although some European species have been widely introduced in Australia and New Zealand.

Finches are typically inhabitants of well-wooded areas, but some can be found on mountains or even in deserts.

Behaviour

The finches are primarily granivorous, but euphoniines include considerable amounts of arthropods and berries in their diet, and Hawaiian honeycreepers evolved to utilize a wide range of food sources, including nectar. The diet of Fringillidae nestlings includes a varying amount of small arthropods. True finches have a bouncing flight like most small passerines, alternating bouts of flapping with gliding on closed wings. Most sing well and several are commonly seen cagebirds; foremost among these is the domesticated canary (Serinus canaria domestica). The nests are basket-shaped and usually built in trees, more rarely in bushes, between rocks or on similar substrate.^[1]

List of genera

The family Fringillidae contains 228 species divided into 50 genera and three subfamilies. The subfamily Carduelinae includes 18 extinct Hawaiian honeycreepers and the extinct Bonin grosbeak.^[6] See List of Fringillidae species for further details.

Subfamily Fringillinae

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  Fringilla – contains the three species of chaffinch and the brambling
  

Subfamily Carduelinae

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  Mycerobas – contains the four Palearctic grosbeaks
  


• 
  Coccothraustes – contains three species


• 
  Eophona – contains the two oriental grosbeaks, the Chinese and the Japanese grosbeak
  


• 
  Pinicola – contains a single species, the pine grosbeak
  


• 
  Pyrrhula – contains the seven bullfinch species


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  Rhodopechys – contains two species, the Asian crimson-winged finch and the African crimson-winged finch
  


• 
  Bucanetes – contains the trumpeter and the Mongolian finch
  


• 
  Agraphospiza – contains a single species, Blanford's rosefinch
  


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  Callacanthis – contains a single species, the spectacled finch
  


• 
  Pyrrhoplectes – contains a single species, the golden-naped finch
  


• 
  Procarduelis – contains a single species, the dark-breasted rosefinch
  


• 
  Leucosticte – contains six species of mountain and rosy finches


• 
  Carpodacus – contains the 27 Palearctic rosefinch species


• 
  Hawaiian honeycreeper group (tribe Drepanidini)
  
  • 
    Melamprosops – contains a single critically endangered species, the poo-uli
    
  
  
  • 
    Paroreomyza – contains three species, the Oahu alauahio, the Maui alauahio and the extinct kakawahie
    
  
  
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    Oreomystis – contains a single species, the akikiki
    
  
  
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    Telespiza – contains four species, the Laysan finch, the Nihoa finch, and 2 prehistoric species
  
  
  • 
    Loxioides – contains 2 species, the palila and a prehistoric species
  
  
  • 
    Rhodacanthis – contains two recently extinct species, the lesser and the greater koa finch, and 2 prehistoric species
  
  
  • 
    Chloridops – contains a single extinct species, the Kona grosbeak
    
  
  
  • 
    Psittirostra – contains a single species, the ou
    
  
  
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    Dysmorodrepanis – contains a single extinct species, the Lanai hookbill
    
  
  
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    Drepanis – contains two extinct species, the Hawaii mamo and the black mamo, and the extant iiwi
    
  
  
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    Ciridops – contains a single recently extinct species, the Ula-ai-hawane, and 3 prehistoric species
  
  
  • 
    Palmeria – contains a single species, the akohekohe
    
  
  
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    Himatione – contains two species, the apapane and the extinct Laysan honeycreeper
    
  
  
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    Viridonia – contains a single extinct species, the greater amakihi
    
  
  
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    Akialoa – contains four recently extinct species, and 2 prehistoric species
  
  
  • 
    Hemignathus – contains four species, only one of which is extant
  
  
  • 
    Pseudonestor – contains a single species, the Maui parrotbill
    
  
  
  • 
    Magumma – contains a single species, the anianiau
  
  
  • 
    Loxops – contains five species, of which one is extinct
  
  
  • 
    Chlorodrepanis – contains three species, the Hawaii, Oahu and Kauai amakihi
    
  
  


• 
  Haemorhous – contains the three North America rosefinches


• 
  Chloris – contains the five greenfinches


• 
  Rhodospiza – contains a single species, the desert finch
  


• 
  Rhynchostruthus – contains the three golden-winged grosbeaks


• 
  Linurgus – contains a single species, the oriole finch
  


• 
  Crithagra – contains 37 species of canaries, serins and siskins from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula


• 
  Linaria – contains four species including the twite and three linnets


• 
  Acanthis – contains three redpolls


• 
  Loxia – contains six crossbills


• 
  Chrysocorythus – contains a single species, the mountain serin
  


• 
  Carduelis – contains three species including the European goldfinch
  


• 
  Serinus – contains eight species including the European serin
  


• 
  Spinus – contains 20 species including the North American goldfinches and the Eurasian siskin
  

Subfamily Euphoniinae

• 
  Euphonia – contains 27 species all with euphonia in their English name


• 
  Chlorophonia – contains 5 species all with chlorophonia in their English name

Gallery

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  Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes), one of the Holarctic grosbeaks
  

  
  

  
  


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  Cassin's finch (Haemorhous cassinii), an American rosefinch
  

  
  

  
  


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  Pallas' rosefinch (Carpodacus roseus), a true rosefinch
  

  
  

  
  


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  Hooded siskin (Spinus magellanica)
  

  
  

  
  


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  ʻIʻiwi (Vestiaria coccinea), a Hawaiian honeycreeper
  

  
  

  
  


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  Male violaceous euphonia (Euphonia violacea)
  

  
  

  
  


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  European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis)
  

  
  

  
  


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  European greenfinch (Chloris chloris)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (Fringilla polatzeki)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Tenerife blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Elegant euphonia (Euphonia elegantissima)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Desert finch (Rhodospiza obsoleta)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Evening grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Yellow-breasted greenfinch (Chloris spinoides)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Yellow canary (Serinus flaviventris)
  

  
  

  
  


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  Streaky seedeater (Crithagra striolatus)
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• The Finch Society of Australia

References

Sources

• Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan & Davis, John (1993): Finches and Sparrows: an identification guide. Christopher Helm, London.
  ISBN 0-7136-8017-2
  


• 
  Hír, János; Kókay, József; Venczel, Márton; Gál, Erika; Kessler, Eugén (2001). "Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi "Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról [A preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern Hungary]". Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis (in Hungarian). 25: 41–64.
  


• 
  Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)". Zool. Scripta. 35 (2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x.
  


• 
  Marten, Jill A.; Johnson, Ned K. (1986). "Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches" (PDF). Condor. 88 (4): 409–420. doi:10.2307/1368266.
  


• Newton, Ian (1973): Finches (New Naturalist series). Taplinger Publishing.
  ISBN 0-8008-2720-1
  

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Finch.

• Internet Bird Collection.com: Finch videos, photos, and sounds


• 
  National Finch and Softbill Society website — organization promoting finch breeding.


• 
   "Finch" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.
  

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fringillidae.