Closed list
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Closed list describes the variant of party-list proportional representation where voters can (effectively) only vote for political parties as a whole and thus have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected. If voters have at least some influence then it is called an open list.
In closed list systems, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list tend to always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not.
However, the candidates "at the water mark" of a given party are in the position of either losing or winning their seat depending on the number of votes the party gets. "The water mark" is the number of seats a specific party can be expected to achieve. The number of seats that the party wins, combined with the candidates' positions on the party's list, will then determine whether a particular candidate will get a seat.
Contents
1 List of locations with closed list proportional representation
2 Criticism
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
List of locations with closed list proportional representation
- Albania
- Algeria
- Andorra
- Angola
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Benin
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cambodia
Colombia (depending on the party)- Costa Rica
Dominican Republic[1]- East Timor
- Equatorial Guinea
- Guatemala
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Hong Kong
- Iceland
- Israel
- Italy
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Mozambique
Namibia[2]- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Paraguay
- Portugal
Romania[3]- Russia
- Rwanda
- Serbia
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Togo
- Tunisia
- Turkey
Ukraine[4][5][6][7]
United Kingdom (for MEPs, except Northern Ireland)- Uruguay
(Countries that have electoral systems that are only partly closed list i.e. mixed-member proportional representation have been excluded.)
Criticism
Voting systems using a closed list employ a listing of candidates selected by the party. Whoever controls this list is in a crucial power-brokering role. Members (candidates) elected from the list are essentially in thrall to the list maker—their political survival depends on how high up the list their name appears, or whether it appears at all.
The party executive or party leaders generally control the list; consequently closed-list systems transfer political power to the un-elected persons (strategists, delegates, party officials, etc.) who author the party's list of candidates. However, parties can mitigate this by using an internal vote of their members or an open[clarification needed]primary to determine the ordering of the lists.
Use of closed lists also make it more difficult for independent candidates to be elected as the system necessitates the existence of political parties.
See also
- Open list
- Ley de Lemas
- List of democracy and elections-related topics
References
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^ "Elections - GRN Portal". www.ecn.na. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ Filimon, Paul (20 July 2015). "Legea ALEGERILOR PARLAMENTARE pe LISTE, promulgată de Iohannis". România Liberă (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
^ Understanding Ukrainian Politics: Power, Politics, And Institutional Design by Paul D'Anieri, M.E. Sharpe, 2006,
ISBN 0-7656-1811-7 (page 251)
^ Black Sea Fleet vote: Know thy turncoats, Kyiv Post (May 6, 2010)
^ Ukraine needs constitutional change now, Kyiv Post (May 7, 2009)
^ Parliament rejects bill on local elections under open lists, Kyiv Post (July 1, 2010)
External links
Country profiles at IFES
Open, Closed and Free Lists at Ace Project