Xrthnty

Republic of Buryatia
; Republic of Buryatia; Республика Бурятия (Russian); Буряад Улас (Buryat);
— Republic —
; ; Flag;	; ; Coat of arms;
	; Anthem: Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia; ; ;
	; Coordinates: 53°48′N 109°20′E / 53.800°N 109.333°E / 53.800; 109.333Coordinates: 53°48′N 109°20′E / 53.800°N 109.333°E / 53.800; 109.333; ;
Political status
Country	; Russia;
Federal district	; Siberian
Economic region	; East Siberian
Established	; 30 May 1923; 95 years ago (1923-05-30);
Capital	; Ulan-Ude;
Government (as of February 2017)
• Head	; Alexey Tsydenov
• Legislature	; People's Khural
Statistics
	; Area (as of the 2002 Census)
• Total	; 351,300 km2 (135,600 sq mi)
Area rank	; 15th;
	; Population (2010 Census)
• Total	; 972,021
• Rank	; 54th;
• Density	; 2.77/km2 (7.2/sq mi)
• Urban	; 58.4%
• Rural	; 41.6%
; Time zone(s)	; IRKT (UTC+08:00)
ISO 3166-2	; RU-BU
License plates	; 03
Official languages	; Russian; Buryat
	; Official website;

The Republic of Buryatia (Russian: Респу́блика Буря́тия, tr. Respublika Buryatiya, IPA: [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bʊˈrʲætʲɪjə]; Buryat: Буряад Улас, translit. Buryaad Ulas, [bʊrˈjɑːt ʊˈlɑs]) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in Siberia in Asia. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. Its area is 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with a population of 972,021 (2010 Census).^[6]

Geography

Buryatia countryside just south of Ulan-Ude.

View of the valley of the Uda near the village of Khorinsk.

Landscape of southern Buryatia.

The republic is located in the south-central region of Siberia along the eastern shore of Lake Baikal.

Area: 351,300 km²

Borders:
- Internal: Irkutsk Oblast (W/NW/N), Zabaykalsky Krai (NE/E/SE/S), Tuva (W)
- International: Mongolia (Bulgan Province, Khövsgöl Province and Selenge Province) (S/SE)
- Water: Lake Baikal (N)

Highest point: Mount Munku-Sardyk (3,491 m)

Rivers

Major rivers include:

Barguzin River

Irkut River

Kitoy River

Oka River

Selenga River

Uda River

Upper Angara River

Vitim River

Lakes

Map of Buryatia.

Lake Baikal - Buryatia covers 60% percent of the lake's shoreline.

Lake Gusinoye

Mountains

Over 80% of the republic's territory is located in the mountainous region, including the Baikal Mountains on the northern shores of Lake Baikal.

Natural resources

The republic's natural resources include gold, tungsten, zinc, uranium, and more.

Climate

Average annual temperature: −1.6 °C (29.1 °F)

Average January temperature: −22 °C (−8 °F)

Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)

Average annual precipitation: 244 millimeters (9.6 in)

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population: 972,021 (2010 Census);^[6]981,238 (2002 Census);^[11]1,041,119 (1989 Census).^[12]

Census date	1926	1939	1959	1970	1979	1989	2002	2010
Total population	491,236	545,766	673,326	812,251	899,398	1,038,252	981,238	972,021
Average annual population growth				+1.7%	+1.1%	+1.5%	−0.4%	−0.1%
Males	248,513						467,984
Females	242,723						513,254
Females per 1000 males	977						1,097
Proportion urban	9.3%						59.6%
Territory (km²)	368,392	351,334	351,334	351,334	351,334	351,334	351,334	351,334
Population density/km²	1.3	1.6	1.9	2.3	2.6	3.0	2.8	2.8

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service^[13]

Year	Average population (thousands)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1970	816	14,766	6,301	8,465	18.1	7.7	10.4
1975	862	17,751	7,586	10,165	20.6	8.8	11.8
1980	921	19,859	8,734	11,125	21.6	9.5	12.1
1985	993	23,975	9,529	14,446	24.1	9.6	14.5
1990	1,050	19,185	9,602	9,583	18.3	9.1	9.1	2.18
1991	1,052	16,868	9,753	7,115	16.0	9.3	6.8	2.03
1992	1,049	13,944	10,347	3,597	13.3	9.9	3.4	1.87
1993	1,043	11,981	12,388	−407	11.5	11.9	−0.4	1.65
1994	1,039	12,327	13,650	−1,323	11.9	13.1	−1.3	1.66
1995	1,035	12,311	12,588	−277	11.9	12.2	−0.3	1.60
1996	1,031	12,159	12,441	−282	11.8	12.1	−0.3	1.57
1997	1,025	11,555	12,111	−556	11.3	11.8	−0.5	1.51
1998	1,017	11,746	11,481	265	11.6	11.3	0.3	1.53
1999	1,009	11,468	13,114	−1,646	11.4	13.0	−1.6	1.42
2000	1,001	11,654	13,155	−1,501	11.6	13.1	−1.5	1.42
2001	992	11,678	13,858	−2,180	11.8	14.0	−2.2	1.44
2002	983	12,830	14,404	−1,574	13.1	14.7	−1.6	1.52
2003	977	13,177	15,056	−1,879	13.5	15.4	−1.9	1.51
2004	973	13,399	14,868	−1,469	13.8	15.3	−1.5	1.49
2005	969	13,551	15,144	−1,593	14.0	15.6	−1.6	1.41
2006	966	14,193	13,930	263	14.7	14.4	0.3	1.41
2007	965	15,460	12,802	2,658	16.0	13.3	2.8	1.60
2008	966	16,372	12,948	3,424	16.9	13.4	3.5	1.68
2009	968	16,729	12,466	4,263	17.3	12.9	4.4	2.03
2010	972	16,535	12,386	4,149	17.0	12.7	4.3	1.99
2011	972	16,507	12,299	4,208	17.0	12.7	4.3	2.03
2012	972	17,006	12,064	4,942	17.5	12.4	5.1	2.14
2013	973	17,108	11,479	5,629	17.6	11.8	5.8	2.21
2014	976	17,093	11,182	5,911	17.5	11.5	6.0	2.26
2015	980	16,981	11,152	5,829	17.3	11.4	5.9	2.28
2016	983	16,128	11,047	5,081	16.4	11.2	5.2	2.21(e)
2017	984	14,315	10,445	3,870	14.5	10.6	3.9

Ulan-Ude

Demographics for 2007

Source:^[14]

District	Births	Deaths	Growth	Pop (2007)	BR	DR	NGR
The Republic of Buryatia	12,337	9,833	2,504	960,000	17.13	13.66	0.35%
Ulan-Ude	4,260	3,517	743	373,300	15.22	12.56	0.27%
Bichursky District	339	318	21	26,900	16.80	15.76	0.10%
Dzhidinsky District	512	309	203	30,800	22.16	13.38	0.88%
Yeravninsky District	244	191	53	18,600	17.49	13.69	0.38%
Zaigrayevsky District	714	630	84	48,700	19.55	17.25	0.23%
Zakamensky District	492	322	170	30,400	21.58	14.12	0.75%
Ivolginsky District	498	320	178	31,000	21.42	13.76	0.77%
Kabansky District	702	779	−77	64,400	14.53	16.13	−0.16%
Kizhinginsky District	303	192	111	18,700	21.60	13.69	0.79%
Kyakhtinsky District	629	393	236	40,500	20.71	12.94	0.78%
Mukhorshibirsky District	338	319	19	28,000	16.10	15.19	0.09%
Pribaykalsky District	423	357	66	28,900	19.52	16.47	0.30%
Selenginsky District	628	522	106	47,500	17.63	14.65	0.30%
Tarbagataysky District	205	216	−11	16,900	16.17	17.04	−0.09%
Tunkinsky District	304	249	55	23,000	17.62	14.43	0.32%
Khorinsky District	314	222	92	19,200	21.81	15.42	0.64%
Barguzinsky District	367	272	95	25,600	19.11	14.17	0.49%
Bauntovsky Evenkiysky District	126	92	34	10,500	16.00	11.68	0.43%
Kurumkansky District	232	129	103	15,600	19.83	11.03	0.88%
Muysky District	179	112	67	15,600	15.30	9.57	0.57%
Okinsky District	73	37	36	5,100	19.08	9.67	0.94%
Severo-Baykalsky District	196	161	35	15,200	17.19	14.12	0.31%
Severobaykalsk	259	174	85	25,600	13.49	9.06	0.44%

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census,^[6] ethnic Russians make up two-thirds of the republic's population, while the ethnic Buryats are only 30%. Other groups include Ukrainians (0.6%), Tatars (0.7%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic group	1926 Census¹		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census²
Ethnic group	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Buryats	214,957	43.8%	116,382	21.3%	135,798	20.2%	178,660	22.0%	206,860	23.0%	249,525	24.0%	272,910	27.8%	286,839	30.0%
Soyots	161	0.0%	116,382	21.3%	135,798	20.2%	178,660	22.0%	206,860	23.0%	249,525	24.0%	2,739	0.3%	3,579	0.4%
Russians	258,796	52.7%	393,057	72.0%	502,568	74.6%	596,960	73.5%	647,785	72.0%	726,165	69.9%	665,512	67.8%	630,783	66.1%
Tatars	3,092	0.6%	3,840	0.7%	8,058	1.2%	9,991	1.2%	10,290	1.1%	10,496	1.0%	8,189	0.8%	6,813	0.7%
Ukrainians	1,982	0.4%	13,392	2.5%	10,183	1.5%	10,769	1.3%	15,290	1.7%	22,868	2.2%	9,585	1.0%	5,654	0.6%
Evenks	2,808	0.6%	1,818	0.3%	1,335	0.2%	1,685	0.2%	1,543	0.2%	1,679	0.2%	2,334	0.2%	2,974	0.3%
Others	9,440	1.9%	17,277	3.2%	15,384	2.3%	14,186	1.7%	17,630	2.0%	27,519	2.7%	19,969	2.0%	18,360	1.9%
¹In 1926, the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR included Aga-Buryatia, Ust-Orda Buryatia, and Olkhonsky District. These territories were transferred to Chita and Irkutsk Oblasts in 1937. Consequently, the results of the 1926 census cannot be compared to the results of the censuses of 1939 and later. ²17,019 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.^[15]

History

Unusual blue diopsidite skarn from the Dovyren Highlands, Buryatia. This tumble-polished rock is around 700my old.

Mongolic-related Slab Grave cultural monuments are found in Baikal territory.^[16] The territory of Buryatia has been governed by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC-93 CE) and Mongolian Xianbei state (93-234), Rouran Khaganate (330-555), Mongol Empire (1206-1368) and Northern Yuan (1368-1691).^[17]
Medieval Mongol tribes like Merkit, Bayads, Barga Mongols and Tümeds inhabited in Buryatia.^[17] Today Buryat-Mongols populate the territory of Buryatia.

The area of the present-day Buryatia was first colonized in the 17th century by Russians in search of wealth, furs, and gold.

In 1923, the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Buryat: Буряадай Автономито Совет Социалис Республика; Russian: Бурятская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика) was created as a result of the merger of State of Buryat-Mongolia and Mongol-Buryat Oblasts. In 1937, Aga Buryatia and Ust-Orda Buryatia were detached from the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR and merged with Chita and Irkutsk Oblasts, respectively. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the republic. The Buryat ASSR declared its sovereignty in 1990 and adopted the name Republic of Buryatia in 1992. However, it remained an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation.

Politics

Modern Buryat home with instruments, scrolls, and weapons typical of Buryatia.

The head of the Republic is the Head (formerly President), who is elected by the voters of the republic for a four-year term. From 2004 to 2012 the head of Buryatia (along with all other heads of regions in Russia) was nominated directly by the Russian President.^[18]^[19]

Between 1991-2007, the President was Leonid Vasilyevich Potapov, who was elected on July 1, 1994, re-elected in 1998 (with 63.25% of votes), and then re-elected again on June 23, 2002 (with over 67% of votes). Prior to the elections, Potapov was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic—the highest post at that time.

The current Head of the Republic is Alexey Tsydenov, who was elected by popular vote on 10 September 2017. Prior to this he was acting Head, having been appointed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in February 2017.^[20]

The Republic's parliament is the People's Khural, popularly elected every five years. The People's Khural has 66 deputies and is currently dominated by the country's ruling party, United Russia, with 45 seats. Tsyren-Dashi Dorzhiev has been Chairman of the People's Khural since August 2015.

The Republic's Constitution was adopted on February 22, 1994.

Economy

The republic's economy is composed of agricultural and commercial products including wheat, vegetables, potatoes, timber, leather, graphite, and textiles. Fishing, hunting, fur farming, sheep and cattle farming, mining, stock raising, engineering, and food processing are also important economic generators.

Education

The higher education institutions of the republic include Buryat State University, Buryat State Academy of Agriculture, East Siberian State Academy of Arts and Culture, and East Siberia State University of Technology and Management.

Religion

Religion in Buryatia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)^[21]^[22]

Russian Orthodoxy			27.4%
Other Orthodox			1.2%
Protestantism			0.6%
Other Christians			4.2%
Buddhism			19.8%
Rodnovery and other native faiths			1.8%
Spiritual but not religious			24.8%
Atheism and irreligion			13.4%
Other and undeclared			6.8%

Buddhist temple in Buryatia

Traditionally, Buryats adhered to belief systems which were based on the deification of nature, belief in spirits and the possibility of their magic influence on the surroundings. They were led by shamans, who systematized tribal beliefs and cults. From the second half of the 17th century, beliefs and cults in the shamanic form were displaced by Buddhism, which became widespread in ethnic Buryatia. By the end of the 19th century, the majority of Buryats were part of the Buddhist tradition. A synthesis of Buddhism and traditional beliefs that formed a system of ecological traditions has constituted a major attribute of Buryat culture.^[23]

As of a 2012 survey^[21] 27.4% of the population adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 19.8% to Buddhism, 2% to the Slavic Native Faith, Tengrism or Buryat shamanism, 4% declares to be unaffiliated Christian (excluding Protestants), 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to churches or are members of other Orthodox churches, 1% are members of Protestant churches. In addition, 25% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% to be atheist, and 10.8% follows another religion or did not give an answer to the survey.^[21]

Tibetan Buddhism and Orthodox Christianity are the most widespread religions in the republic. Many Slavs, who constitute around 67% of the population, are Russian Orthodox. Since the breakup of the USSR in 1991, a small number have converted to various Protestant denominations or to Rodnovery, Slavic native faith. There are also some Catholics among the Slavs. Most of the Germans (0.11% of the population) are also Orthodox, so are some other non-European groups like Armenians (0.23%), Georgians (0.03%), and Soyot (0.37%). Buryats constitute 30.04% of the total population.

Most urban Buryats are either Buddhist or Orthodox, while those in the rural areas often adhere to Yellow shamanism, a mixture of shamanism and Buddhism, or to Black shamanism.^[24] There are also Tengrist movements. Siberian Tatars are around 0.7% of the population. However, due to isolation from the main body of Tatars, many of them now are either non-religious or Orthodox. Islam is followed by immigrant groups like Azeris and Uzbeks, who constitute another 0.7% of the population.

Tourism

Lake Baikal is a popular tourist destination, especially in summer.

References

^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).

^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).

^ Ruling Party Dominates Russian Elections Amid Low Turnout, Opposition Claims Strong Moscow Showing

^ ^a^b Constitution, Article 5.3

^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.

^ ^a^b^c^d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.

^ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.

^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).

^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.

^ Constitution, Article 67

^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.

^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.

^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Retrieved 2017-10-19.

^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-04. Retrieved 2008-10-08.

^ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936

^ History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003

^ ^a^b History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003

^ Putin signs law to allow him to pick Russian governors

^ Russia reinstates governor elections

^ [1]

^ ^a^b^c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.

^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.

^ Esuna Dugarova. Buryatia – a symbol of Eurasia in the heartland of Baikal. UN Special (magazine)

^ Shimamura, Ippei (2014). The Roots Seekers: Shamanism and Ethnicity among the Mongol Buryats. Yokohama, Tanagawa, Japan: Shumpusha Publishing. ISBN 978-4-86110-397-1.

Sources

Верховный Совет Республики Бурятия. 22 февраля 1994 г. «Республика Бурятия. Конституция», в ред. Закона №332-IV от 7 июля 2008 г. (Supreme Council of the Republic of Buryatia. February 22, 1994 Republic of Buryatia. Constitution, as amended by the Law #332-IV of July 7, 2008. ).

External links

Buryatia at Encyclopædia Britannica

Official website of the Republic of Buryatia

(in Russian) Official website of the Republic of Buryatia

Official website of the Republic of Buryatia (in Buryat)

(in Russian) Buryatia.org, site about life in the Republic of Buryatia

Article on Buddhism in Buryatia and Mongolia

[FederalDistrict-1] Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).

[EconomicRegion-2] Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).

[3] Ruling Party Dominates Russian Elections Amid Low Turnout, Opposition Claims Strong Moscow Showing

[HeadLegis-4] Constitution, Article 5.3

[Area-5] Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.

[2010Census-6] Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.

[DensityNote-7] The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.

[RuTime-8] Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).

[Russian-9] Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.

[Languages-10] Constitution, Article 67

[PopCensus-11] Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.

[Census1989-12] Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.

[13] "Демографический ежегодник России" [Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Retrieved 2017-10-19.

[14] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-04. Retrieved 2008-10-08.

[15] ttp://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936

[16] History of Mongolia, Volume I, 2003

[HM-17] History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003

[18] Putin signs law to allow him to pick Russian governors

[19] Russia reinstates governor elections

[20] [1]

[2012ArenaAtlas-21] "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.

[2012Arena-religion-maps-22] 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.

[23] Esuna Dugarova. Buryatia – a symbol of Eurasia in the heartland of Baikal. UN Special (magazine)

[24] Shimamura, Ippei (2014). The Roots Seekers: Shamanism and Ethnicity among the Mongol Buryats. Yokohama, Tanagawa, Japan: Shumpusha Publishing. ISBN 978-4-86110-397-1.

搜尋此網誌