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The different types of isomers. Stereochemistry focuses on stereoisomers

Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation.^[1] The study of stereochemistry focuses on stereoisomers, which by definition have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. For this reason, it is also known as 3D chemistry—the prefix "stereo-" means "three-dimensionality".^[2]

An important branch of stereochemistry is the study of chiral molecules.^[3] Stereochemistry spans the entire spectrum of organic, inorganic, biological, physical and especially supramolecular chemistry. Stereochemistry includes methods for determining and describing these relationships; the effect on the physical or biological properties these relationships impart upon the molecules in question, and the manner in which these relationships influence the reactivity of the molecules in question (dynamic stereochemistry).

History

Louis Pasteur could rightly be described as the first stereochemist, having observed in 1842 that salts of tartaric acid collected from wine production vessels could rotate plane polarized light, but that salts from other sources did not. This property, the only physical property in which the two types of tartrate salts differed, is due to optical isomerism. In 1874, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Le Bel explained optical activity in terms of the tetrahedral arrangement of the atoms bound to carbon.Kekulé used tetrahedral models already 1862, but never published these; Emanuele Paternò probably knew these, but was the first to draw and to discuss 1893 three dimensional structures, such as of 1,2-dibromoethane in the Gazetta Chimica Italiana ^[4]

Significance

Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules are part of a system for describing a molecule's stereochemistry. They rank the atoms around a stereocenter in a standard way, allowing the relative position of these atoms in the molecule to be described unambiguously. A Fischer projection is a simplified way to depict the stereochemistry around a stereocenter.

Thalidomide example

An often cited example of the importance of stereochemistry relates to the thalidomide disaster. Thalidomide is a pharmaceutical drug, first prepared in 1957 in Germany, prescribed for treating morning sickness in pregnant women. The drug was discovered to be teratogenic, causing serious genetic damage to early embryonic growth and development, leading to limb deformation in babies. Some of the several proposed mechanisms of teratogenecity involve a different biological function for the (R)- and the (S)-thalidomide enantiomers.^[5] In the human body however, thalidomide undergoes racemization: even if only one of the two enantiomers is administered as a drug, the other enantiomer is produced as a result of metabolism.^[6] Accordingly, it is incorrect to state that one stereoisomer is safe while the other is teratogenic.^[7] Thalidomide is currently used for the treatment of other diseases, notably cancer and leprosy. Strict regulations and controls have been enabled to avoid its use by pregnant women and prevent developmental deformations. This disaster was a driving force behind requiring strict testing of drugs before making them available to the public.

Definitions

Many definitions that describe a specific conformer (IUPAC Gold Book) exist, developed by William Klyne and Vladimir Prelog, constituting their Klyne–Prelog system of nomenclature:

• a torsion angle of ±60° is called gauche^[8]


• a torsion angle between 0° and ±90° is called syn (s)


• a torsion angle between ±90° and 180° is called anti (a)


• a torsion angle between 30° and 150° or between –30° and –150° is called clinal
  


• a torsion angle between 0° and 30° or 150° and 180° is called periplanar (p)


• a torsion angle between 0° to 30° is called synperiplanar or syn- or cis-conformation (sp)


• a torsion angle between 30° to 90° and –30° to –90° is called synclinal or gauche or skew (sc)^[9]


• a torsion angle between 90° to 150°, and –90° to –150° is called anticlinal (ac)


• a torsion angle between ±150° to 180° is called antiperiplanar or anti or trans (ap).

Torsional strain results from resistance to twisting about a bond.

Types

• Atropisomerism


• 
  Cis-trans isomerism


• Conformational isomerism


• Diastereomers


• Enantiomers

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Stereochemistry

• Alkane stereochemistry


• 
  Chiral resolution, which often involves crystallization


• 
  Chirality (chemistry) (R/S, d/l)


• Solid-state chemistry


• VSEPR theory


• 
  Skeletal formula#Stereochemistry which describes how stereochemistry is denoted in skeletal formulae.

References