開央不圓唇元音
Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP
body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center
| 开央不圆唇元音 | |
|---|---|
| .mw-parser-output .IPAfont-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visitedtext-decoration:none!important ä | |
a̠ | |
ɑ̈ | |
ɐ̞ | |
国际音标编号 | 304 415 |
| 编码 | |
| HTML码 十进制 | ä |
| Unicode 十六进制 | U+0061 U+0308 |
| X-SAMPA音标 | a_"、a_-、A_"、6_o |
| 声音 | |
開央不圓唇元音或低央不圓唇元音是元音的一种，用于一些口语当中。国际音标没有特定的字母表示介于前音
[a]和后音
[ɑ]之间的元音，通常以〈a〉表示。若要加以严格区分，则使用附加符号标明，诸如央元音化的〈ä〉或音位偏后的〈a̠〉，但并不通用。
直至最近，字母〈a〉仍在非官方场合下用于央元音，并被大量用于现有语音学上的标示。因此常使用
[a]表示央元音，并近似开前元音，若有必要，则使用
[æ]，非正式情况下当作次开元音。此外，汉语言学界会用非官方符号〈ᴀ〉（小型大写字母A）。国际语音学协会2011–2012年投票否决了这个非官方的音标符号。[1]
目录
1 特徵
2 注释
3 参考资料
4 延伸阅读
特徵
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IPA：元音 | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||
成對的音標分別是不圓唇 • 圓唇元音 | ||||||||||||||||||
- 其元音高度為開，這意指舌頭的位置會盡量遠離齒齦。
- 其元音舌位是央，表示舌的位置是在央元音的地方，大約在前元音和後元音中間。
- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音，嘴唇自然放鬆，不特別向前突起。
注释
^ Keating (2012:245)
参考资料
.mw-parser-output .refbeginfont-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ullist-style-type:none;margin-left:0.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>ddmargin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100font-size:100%
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne, Australian English, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
Dankovičová, Jana, Czech, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 70–74, 1999
Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
Hillenbrand, James M., American English: Southern Michigan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
Ikekeonwu, Clara, Igbo, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: 108–110, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Keating, Patricia A., IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000114,with only 15 of 30 members voting [by email], the vote was 8 in favor, 7 against. [...] With all 30 members of the Council voting [again six months later], the resolution was defeated: 17 no, 12 yes, 1 abstention. The IPA will therefore not be adding a symbol for this vowel to the alphabet or chart.
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles, The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, 2006, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Lass, Roger, South African English, (编) Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521791052
Laufer, Asher, Hebrew, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: 96–99, 1999
Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics: 167–169, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden: 37, 2005, ISBN 9783411040667
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Okada, Hideo, Japanese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1991, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Szende, Tamás, Hungarian, Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 1994, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Wells, John C., Accents of English 3, Cambridge University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-521-24225-8
Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
延伸阅读
Barry, William; Trouvain, Jürgen, Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel?, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (3): 349–357