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D-Ribose

Names
IUPAC name (2S,3R,4S,5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2,3,4-triol
Other names D-Ribose
Identifiers
CAS Number	50-69-1 Y
3D model (JSmol)	aldehydo form D-(−)-Ribose: Interactive image
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1159662 N
ChemSpider	4470639 aldehydo form D-(−)-Ribose N
DrugBank	DB01936 N
EC Number	200-059-4
PubChem CID	5779 5311110 aldehydo form D-(−)-Ribose
InChI aldehydo form D-(−)-Ribose: InChI=1/C5H10O5/c6-1-3(8)5(10)4(9)2-7/h1,3-5,7-10H,2H2/t3-,4+,5-/m0/s1 Key: PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVBD aldehydo form D-(−)-Ribose: InChI=1S/C5H10O5/c6-1-3(8)5(10)4(9)2-7/h1,3-5,7-10H,2H2/t3-,4+,5-/m0/s1 Key: PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N
SMILES aldehydo form D-(−)-Ribose: C([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](C=O)O)O)O)O
Properties[1][2]
Chemical formula	C5H10O5
Molar mass	150.13 g/mol
Appearance	white solid
Melting point	95 °C (203 °F; 368 K)
Solubility in water	100 g/1 L (25 °C (77 °F))
Chiral rotation ([α]D)	−21.5° (H2O)
Related compounds
Related aldopentoses	Arabinose Xylose Lyxose
Related compounds	Deoxyribose
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Ribose is a carbohydrate with the formula C₅H₁₀O₅; specifically, it is a pentose monosaccharide (simple sugar) with linear form H−(C=O)−(CHOH)₄−H, which has all the hydroxyl groups on the same side in the Fischer projection.

The term may refer to either of two enantiomers. The term usually indicates D-ribose, which occurs widely in nature and is discussed here. Its synthetic mirror image, L-ribose, is not found in nature.

D-Ribose was first reported in 1891 by Emil Fischer.^[3] It is a C'-2 carbon epimer of the sugar D-arabinose (both isomers of which are named for their source, gum arabic) and ribose itself is named as a partial rearrangement of letters in the word 'arabinose'.^[4]

The ribose β-D-ribofuranose forms part of the backbone of RNA. It is related to deoxyribose, which is found in DNA. Phosphorylated derivatives of ribose such as ATP and NADH play central roles in metabolism. cAMP and cGMP, formed from ATP and GTP, serve as secondary messengers in some signalling pathways.

Structure

Ribose is an aldopentose (a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms) that, in its open chain form, has an aldehyde functional group at one end. In the conventional numbering scheme for monosaccharides, the carbon atoms are numbered from C1' (in the aldehyde group) to C5'. The deoxyribose derivative found in DNA differs from ribose by having a hydrogen atom in place of the hydroxyl group at C2'. This hydroxyl group performs a function in RNA splicing.

Like many monosaccharides, ribose exists in an equilibrium among 5 forms—the linear form H−(C=O)−(CHOH)₄–H and either of the two ring forms: alpha- or beta-ribofuranose (“C3'-endo”), with a five-membered ring, and alpha- or beta-ribopyranose (“C2'-endo”), with a six-membered ring. The beta-ribopyranose form predominates in aqueous solution.^[5]

The “D-” in the name D-ribose refers to the stereochemistry of the chiral carbon atom farthest away from the aldehyde group (C4'). In D-ribose, as in all D-sugars, this carbon atom has the same configuration as in D-glyceraldehyde.

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  α-D-Ribopyranose
  

  
  

  
  


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  β-D-Ribopyranose
  

  
  

  
  


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  α-D-Ribofuranose
  

  
  

  
  


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  β-D-Ribofuranose
  

  
  

  
  

Relative abundance of different forms of ribose in solution: β-D-ribopyranose (59%), α-D-ribopyranose (20%), β-D-ribofuranose (13%), α-D-ribofuranose (7%) and open chain (0.1%).^[6]

Phosphorylation

In biology, D-ribose must be phosphorylated by the cell before it can be used. Ribokinase catalyzes this reaction by converting D-ribose to D-ribose 5-phosphate. Once converted, D-ribose-5-phosphate is available for the manufacturing of the amino acids tryptophan and histidine, or for use in the pentose phosphate pathway. The absorption of D-ribose is 88–100% in the small intestines (up to 200 mg/kg/h).^[7]

Medical uses

D-ribose has been suggested for use in management of congestive heart failure^[8] (as well as other forms of heart disease) and for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME).^[9]

References