Dinosaur Park Formation Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP Dinosaur Park FormationStratigraphic range: Campanian, 76.9–75.8 Ma PreЄЄOSDCPTJKPgN↓ [1]Dinosaur Park Formation exposed along the Red Deer River in Dinosaur Provincial Park, southeastern Alberta, Canada.TypeGeological formationUnit ofBelly River GroupUnderliesBearpaw FormationOverliesOldman FormationLithologyPrimarySandstone (lower)Mudstone and siltstone (upper)OtherBentonite and coalLocationRegion AlbertaCountry CanadaType sectionNamed forDinosaur Provincial ParkNamed byEberth, D.A. and Hamblin, A.P., 1993.[2][3]The Dinosaur Park Formation is the uppermost member of the Belly River Group (also known as the Judith River Group), a major geologic unit in southern Alberta. It was laid down during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch between 76.9 and 75.8 million years ago.[1] It was deposited in alluvial and coastal plain environments, and it is bounded by the nonmarine Oldman Formation below it and the marine Bearpaw Formation above it.[4]The Dinosaur Park Formation contains dense concentrations of dinosaur skeletons, both articulated and disarticulated, which are often found with preserved remains of soft tissues. Remains of other animals such as fish, turtles, and crocodilians, as well as plant remains, are also abundant.[5] The formation has been named after Dinosaur Provincial Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site where the formation is well exposed in the badlands that flank the Red Deer River.[3]Contents1 Geological setting2 Biostratigraphy3 Amphibians4 Dinosaurs4.1 Ornithischians4.1.1 Ankylosaurs4.1.2 Ceratopsians4.1.3 Ornithopods4.1.4 Pachycephalosaurs4.2 Theropods4.2.1 Ornithomimids4.2.2 Oviraptorosaurs4.2.3 Paravians4.2.4 Tyrannosaurs5 Fish6 Invertebrates7 Mammals8 Plants8.1 Plant body fossils8.2 Palynomorphs9 Other reptiles9.1 Choristoderes9.2 Crocodylians9.3 Lizards9.4 Plesiosaurs9.5 Pterosaurs9.6 Turtles10 Timeline of new taxa11 See also12 Footnotes13 ReferencesGeological settingRestoration of the megafaunal dinosaurs of the Dinosaur Park Formation. From left to right: Chasmosaurus, Lambeosaurus, Styracosaurus, Scolosaurus, Prosaurolophus, Panoplosaurus, and a herd of Styracosaurus in the backgroundThe Dinosaur Park Formation is composed of sediments that were derived from the erosion of the mountains to the west. It was deposited on an alluvial to coastal plain by river systems that flowed eastward and southeastward to the Bearpaw Sea, a large inland sea that was part of the Western Interior Seaway. That sea gradually inundated the adjacent coastal plain, depositing the marine shales of the Bearpaw Formation on top of the Dinosaur Park Formation.[4]The Dinosaur Park Formation is about 70 metres (230 ft) thick at Dinosaur Park. The lower portion of the formation was laid down in fluvial channel environments and consists primarily of fine- to medium-grained, crossbedded sandstones. The upper portion, which was deposited in overbank and floodplain environments, consists primarily of massive to laminated, organic-rich mudstones with abundant root traces, and thin beds of bentonite. The Lethbridge Coal Zone, which consists of several seams of low-rank coal interbedded with mudstones and siltstones, marks the top of the formation.[4]The sediments of the Dinosaur Park Formation are similar to those of the underlying Oldman Formation and they were originally included in that formation. The two formations are separated by a regional disconformity, however, and are distinguished by petrographic and sedimentologic differences. In addition, articulated skeletal remains and bonebeds are rare in the Oldman Formation but abundant in the Dinosaur Park Formation.[3][4]BiostratigraphyThe Dinosaur Park Formation can be divided into at least two distinct faunas. The lower part of the formation is characterized by the abundance of Corythosaurus and Centrosaurus. This group of species is replaced higher in the formation by a different ornithischian fauna characterized by the presence of Lambeosaurus and Styracosaurus. The appearance of several new, rare species of ornithischian at the very top of the formation may indicate that a third distinct fauna had replaced the second during the transition into younger, non-Dinosaur Park sediments, at the same time an inland sea transgresses onto land, but there are fewer remains here. An unnamed pachyrhinosaur, Vagaceratops irvinensis, and Lambeosaurus magnicristatus may be more common in this third fauna.[6][7]The timeline below follows a synthesis presented by Fowler (2016)[1] with additional information from Arbour et al. 2009,[8] Evans et al. 2009, and Penkalski, 2013.[9] Megaherbivore Assemblage Zones (MAZ) follow data presented by Mallon et al., 2012.[10]AmphibiansRemains of the following amphibians have been found in the formation:[11]Albanerpetontidae (extinct, salamander-like amphibians)Albanerpeton gracilisCaudata (salamanders)Habrosaurus prodilatusLisserpetonOpisthotriton kayiScapherpeton tectumunnamed caudatan2 indeterminate caudatansSalienta (frogs)2 unnamed salientansTyrrellbatrachus brinkmani[12]Hensonbatrachus kermiti[13]DinosaursRemains of the following dinosaurs have been found in the formation:[8][14]OrnithischiansRemains of the following Ornithischians have been found in the formation:[15]AnkylosaursAnkylosaurs reported from the Dinosaur Park FormationGenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImagesAnodontosaurusA. inceptusAn ankylosaurine ankylosaurid.DyoplosaurusD. acutosquameusLower, 76.5Ma ago[8]An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid.EdmontoniaE. rugosidensLower, 76.5-75.9Ma ago[8]A nodosaurine nodosaur.EuoplocephalusE. tutusLower to Middle, ~76.4-75.6Ma[9]An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid.PanoplosaurusP. mirusMiddle, 75.6Ma ago[8]"Partial skeleton with complete skull, osteoderms, additional isolated teeth, postcranial elements, osteoderms."[16]A nodosaurine nodosaurid.PlatypeltaP. coombsiLower, 77.5-76.5 MA[17]An ankylosaurine ankylosauridScolosaurusS. cutleriLower, 76.5Ma ago or more[9]An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid briefly thought to be synonymous with Euoplocephalus. It possibly came from the upper layers of the underlying Oldman Formation.[18]S. thronusAn ankylosaurine ankylosaurid.CeratopsiansAn unnamed Pachyrhinosaurus-like taxon has been recovered from the formation.Color keyTaxonReclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonymIchnotaxonOotaxonMorphotaxonNotes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.Ceratopsians reported from the Dinosaur Park FormationGenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImagesCentrosaurusC. apertusMiddle, 76.2-75.5Ma ago[8]"[Fifteen] skulls, several skeletons, all adult; abundant bone-bed material with rare juveniles and subadults."[19]C. nasicornis may be a synonym.A centrosaurine ceratopsid.ChasmosaurusC. belliMiddle, 76-75.5Ma ago[8]"[Twelve] skulls, several skeletons."[19]A chasmosaurine ceratopsid.C. russelliLower, 76.5-76Ma ago[8]"[Six] complete or partial skulls."[20]MercuriceratopsM. gemini[21]Lower, ~77Ma ago[21]"one apomorphic squamosal"[21]A chasmosaurine ceratopsid.MonocloniusM. loweiA dubious centrosaurine ceratopsid.Pentaceratops[22]P. aquilonius[22]Uppermost, 74.8 MA[22]two frill fragments[22]A dubious chasmosaurine ceratopsid that may be the same species as Spiclypeus shipporum.[23]Spinops[24]S. sternbergorum[24]Lower, 76.5Ma[24]"partial parietal bone, partial dentary, unidentifiable limb fragments, partial skull, and partial right squamosal."[24]A centrosaurine ceratopsid.It may actually be from the upper Oldman Formation.[24]StyracosaurusS. albertensisUpper, 75.5-75.2Ma ago[8]"[Two] skulls, [three] skeletons, additional material in bone beds."[19]A centrosaurine ceratopsid.UnescoceratopsU. koppelhusaePartial lower jaw[25]A leptoceratopsid thought to have been between one and two meters long and less than 91 kilograms. Its teeth were the roundest of all leptoceratopsids.VagaceratopsV. irvinensisUpper, 75Ma ago[8]"[Three] skulls, skeleton lacking tail."[20]A chasmosaurine ceratopsid species previously classified as a species of Chasmosaurus.[26]OrnithopodsAt least one indeterminate hypsilophodont specimen has been recovered from the formation.In a 2001 review of hadrosaur eggshell and hatchling material from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Darren H. Tanke and M. K. Brett-Surman concluded that hadrosaurs nested in both the ancient upland and lowlands of the formation's depositional environment.[27]The upland nesting grounds may have been preferred by the less common hadrosaurs, like Brachylophosaurus or Parasaurolophus. However, the authors were unable to determine what specific factors shaped nesting ground choice in the formation's hadrosaurs. They suggested that behavior, diet, soil condition, and competition between dinosaur species all potentially influenced where hadrosaurs nested.[28]Sub-centimeter fragments of pebbly-textured hadrosaur eggshell have been reported from the Dinosaur Park Formation. This eggshell is similar to the hadrosaur eggshell of Devil's Coulee in southern Alberta as well as that of the Two Medicine and Judith River Formations in Montana, United States.[29] While present, dinosaur eggshell is very rare in the Dinosaur Park Formation and is only found in two different microfossil sites.[27] These sites are distinguished by large numbers of pisidiid clams and other less common shelled invertebrates like unionid clams and snails. This association is not a coincidence as the invertebrate shells would have slowly dissolved and released enough basic calcium carbonate to protect the eggshells from naturally occurring acids that otherwise would have dissolved them and prevented fossilization.[29]In contrast with eggshell fossils, the remains of very young hadrosaurs are actually somewhat common. Darren Tanke has observed that an experienced collector could actually discover multiple juvenile hadrosaur specimens in a single day. The most common remains of young hadrosaurs in the Dinosaur Park Formation are dentaries, bones from limbs and feet, as well as vertebral centra. The material showed little or none of the abrasion that would have resulted from transport, meaning the fossils were buried near their point of origin.[30] Bonebeds 23, 28, 47, and 50 are productive sources of young hadrosaur remains in the formation, especially bonebed 50. The bones of juvenile hadrosaurs and fossil eggshell fragments are not known to have preserved in association with each other, despite both being present in the formation.[31]Ornithopods reported from the Dinosaur Park FormationGenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImagesCorythosaurusC. casuariusLower-Middle, 76.5-75.5Ma ago[8]"Approximately [ten] articulated skulls and associated postcrania, [ten to fifteen] articulated skulls, isolated skull elements, juvenile to adult."[32]A lambeosaurin lambeosaurine hadrosaur.GryposaurusG. notabilisLower, 76.2-76Ma ago[8]"Approximately [ten] complete skulls, [twelve] fragmentary skulls, associated postcrania."[33]A kritosaurin saurolophine hadrosaur.LambeosaurusL. lambeiUpper, 75.5-75Ma ago[8]"Approximately [seven] articulated skulls with associated postcrania, [possibly ten] articulated skulls, isolated skull elements, juvenile to adult."[34]L. magnicristatusUpper/Bearpaw Formation, 74.8Ma ago[8]"[Two] complete skulls, one with associated, articulated postcrania."[34]ParasaurolophusP. walkeriLower, 76.5-75.3Ma ago[7]"Complete skull and postcranial skeleton."[34]A parasaurolophin lambeosaurine hadrosaur.ProsaurolophusP. maximusUpper, 75.5 – 74.8 Ma"[Twenty to twenty-five] individuals, including at least [seven] articulated skulls and associated postcrania."[33]A saurolophin saurolophine hadrosaur.PachycephalosaursPachycephalosaurs reported from the Dinosaur Park FormationGenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImagesForaminacephaleF. brevisAlso present in the Oldman FormationFrontoparetal dome, various other skull fragments including juvenile and subadult materialOnce thought to be a species of StegocerasGravitholusG. albertae"Frontoparietal dome."[35]HanssuesiaH. sternbergiLower, also present in the Oldman Formation and Judith River FormationStegocerasS. validumSpecimens including frontoparietal dome.[35]TheropodsIn the Dinosaur Park Formation, small theropods are rare due to the tendency of their thin-walled bones to be broken or poorly preserved.[36] Small bones of small theropods that were preyed upon by larger ones may have been swallowed whole and digested.[37] In this context, the discovery of a small theropod dinosaur with preserved tooth marks was especially valuable.[36] Possible indeterminate avimimid and therizinosaurid remains are known from the formation.OrnithomimidsOrnithomimids reported from the Dinosaur Park FormationGenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImagesOrnithomimusO. sp.[38]Type specimenAn ornithomimid, possibly a species of Struthiomimus.[39]RativatesR. evadensType specimenAn ornithomimid, formerly a specimen of Struthiomimus.[40]StruthiomimusS. altusType specimenAn ornithomimidOviraptorosaursColor keyTaxonReclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonymIchnotaxonOotaxonMorphotaxonNotes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.Oviraptorosaurs reported from the Dinosaur Park FormationGenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImagesCaenagnathusC. collinsiMandible, type specimenCaenagnathid [41]ChirostenotesC. pergracilisSeveral fragmentary specimens, type specimenCaenagnathidsLeptorhynchosL. elegansSeveral fragmentary specimens, type specimenCaenagnathidsMacrophalangiaM. canadensisJunior synonym of Chirostenotes pergracilisParaviansColor keyTaxonReclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonymIchnotaxonOotaxonMorphotaxonNotes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.Paravians reported from the Dinosaur Park FormationGenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImagescf. BaptornisIndeterminateA hesperornithine birdcf. CimolopteryxIndeterminatePartial coracoidA possible charadriiform birdDromaeosaurusD. albertensisSeveral specimens and teeth, type specimenA dromaeosauridHesperonychusH. elizabethaeHip bones and partial toes and claws, type specimenA microraptorine dromaeosaur, also found in the Oldman FormationLatenivenatrixL. mcmasteraeHip bones, pelvis, skull fragments, type specimenA troodontidcf. PalintropusUnnamedPartial shoulder girdlesAn ambiortiform bird.cf. Paronychodoncf. P. lacustrisTeethAn indeterminate maniraptoran, also found in the Judith RiverRichardoestesiaR. gilmoreiMandible, type specimenA dromaeosaurid.SaurornitholestesS. langstoniIncomplete skeleton and teeth, type specimen. A dentary referred to Saurornitholestes was discovered that preserved tooth marks left by a young tyrannosaur.[42]A dromaeosauridStenonychosaurusS. inequalisNearly complete skeleton and other partial skeletons, type specimen.A troodontid once thought to be a species of TroodonTyrannosaursColor keyTaxonReclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonymIchnotaxonOotaxonMorphotaxonNotes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.Tyrannosaurs reported from the Dinosaur Park FormationGenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImagesDaspletosaurusUnnamed species[43]Middle-Upper, 75.6-75Ma ago[8]Several specimensA tyrannosaurine tyrannosaurid, also present in the Bearpaw FormationGorgosaurusG. libratusLower-Middle, 76.6-75.1Ma ago[8]Numerous specimens, type specimen[43]An albertosaurine tyrannosauridFishRemains of the following fish have been found in the formation:[44]ChondrichthyansHybodus montanensis (a shark)Cretorectolobus olsoni (a carpet shark)Eucrossorhinus microcuspidatus (a carpet shark)Myledaphus bipartitus (a ray)Ischyrhiza mira (a sclerorhynchid)[45]Protoplatyrhina renae (a guitarfish)indeterminate orectolobidAcipenseriformes (sturgeons)unnamed sturgeonunnamed paddlefish"Acipenser albertensis"Anchiacipenser acanthaspis[46]Holostean fishBelonostomus longirostrisLepisosteus occidentalis (the gar)unnamed bowfinat least 2 other holosteansTeleost fishParatarpon apogerontus (an elopomorph, like the tarpon)Cretophareodus (an osteoglossomorph)Coriops amnicolusEstesesox foxiOldmanesoxParalbula (including Phyllodus)at least 8 other teleostsInvertebratesRemains of the following invertebrates have been cound in the formation:[47]Freshwater bivalvesFusconaiaLampsilisSphaerium (2 species)Freshwater gastropodsCampeloma (2 species)ElimiaGoniobasis (3 species)HydrobiaLioplacodes (2 species)MammalsRemains of the following mammals have been found in the formation:[48]MultituberculataCimexomys sp.Cimolodon spp.Cimolomys clarkiMeniscoessus majorMesodma primaevaunnamed multituberculatesMetatheriansAlphadon halleyiEodelphis browniE. cutleri5 species of "Pediomys"Turgidodon russelliT. praesagusEutheriansCimolestes sp. (uncertain taxonomy)Gypsonictops lewisiParanyctoides sternbergiUnknown therians: at least 1 speciesPlantsPlant body fossilsThe following plant body fossils have been found in the formation:[49]various fernsEquisetum (Equisetaceae)GymnospermsPlatyspiroxylon (Cupressaceae)Podocarpoxylon (Podocarpaceae)Elatocladus (Taxodiaceae)Sequoia (Taxodiaceae)Sequoiaxylon (Taxodiaceae)Taxodioxylon (Taxodiaceae)GinkgosBaeriaGinkgoitesAngiospermsArtocarpus (Moraceae)Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae)Dombeyopsis (Sterculiaceae)Menispermites (Menispermaceae)Pistia (Araceae)Platanus (Platanaceae)Vitis (Vitaceae)Trapa (Trapaceae)PalynomorphsPalynomorphs are organic-walled microfossils, like spores, pollen, and algae. The following palynomorphs have been found in the formation:[50]Unknown producersat least 8 speciesFungiat least 35 taxaChlorophyta (green algae and blue-green algae)at least 12 speciesPyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates, a type of marine algae)unassigned cystsBryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts)Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)at least 5 speciesMarchantiophyta (liverworts)at least 14 speciesBryophyta (mosses)at least 5 speciesLycopodiophytaLycopodiaceae (club mosses)at least 11 speciesSelaginellaceae (small club mosses)at least 6 speciesIsoetaceae (quillworts)at least 1 speciesPolypodiophytaOsmundaceae (cinnamon ferns)at least 6 speciesSchizaeaceae (climbing ferns)at least 20 speciesGleicheniaceae (Gleichenia and allies; coral ferns)at least 5 speciesCyatheaceae (Cyathea and allies)at least 4 speciesDicksoniaceae (Dicksonia and allies)at least 3 speciesPolypodiaceae (ferns)at least 4 speciesMatoniaceaeat least 1 speciesMarsileaceaeat least 1 speciesPinophyta (gymnosperms)Cycadaceae (cycads)at least 3 speciesCaytoniaceaeat least 1 speciesPinaceae (pines)at least 4 speciesCupressaceae (cypresses)at least 3 speciesPodocarpaceae (Podocarpus and allies)at least 4 speciesCheirolepidiaceaeat least 2 speciesEphedraceae (Mormon teas)at least 6 speciesUnknown gymnosperms: at least 3 speciesMagnoliophyta (angiosperms)Magnoliopsida (dicots)Buxaceae (boxwood)at least 1 speciesGunneraceae (gunneras)at least 1 speciesSalicaceae (willows, cottonwood, quaking aspen)at least 1 speciesDroseraceae (sundews)at least 1 speciesOlacaceae (tallowwood)at least 2 speciesLoranthaceae (showy mistletoes)at least 1 speciesSapindaceae (soapberry)at least 1 speciesAceraceae (maples)at least 1 speciesProteaceae (proteas)at least 9 speciesCompositae (sunflowers)at least 1 speciesFagaceae (beeches, oaks, chestnuts)at least 2 speciesBetulaceae (birches, alders)at least 1 speciesUlmaceae (elms)at least 1 speciesChenopodiaceae (goosefoots)at least 1 speciesLiliopsida (monocots)Liliaceae (lilies)at least 6 speciesCyperaceae (sedges)at least 1 speciesSparganiaceae (bur-reeds)possibly 1 speciesUnknown angiosperms: at least 88 speciesOther reptilesChoristoderesChoristoderes, or champsosaurs, were aquatic reptiles. Small examples looked like lizards, while larger types were superficially similar to crocodilians. Remains of the following Choristoderes have been found in the formation:[51]Champsosaurus (at least 3 species)CteniogenysCrocodyliansRemains of the following Crocodylians have been found in the formation:[52]AlbertochampsaLeidyosuchusat least 1 unnamed taxonLizardsRemains of the following lizards have been found in the formation:[53]HelodermatidsLabrodioctesNecrosauridsParasaniwaTeiidsGlyptogenysSocognathusVaranidsPalaeosaniwaXenosaurids?ExostinusPlesiosaursRemains of the following Plesiosaurs have been found in the formation:[54]indeterminate elasmosaurids (very long-necked) (more common)indeterminate polycotylids (shorter-necked)PterosaursRemains of the following Pterosaurs have been found in the formation:[55]Navajodactylus[56]1 large unnamed azhdarchid (giant, long-necked pterosaur)1 smaller unnamed azhdarchid1 unnamed non-azhdarchid pterosaurTurtlesRemains of the following turtles have been found in the formation:[57]Adocus"Apalone"Aspideretoides (3 species)BasilemysBoremysJudithemysNeurankylusPlesiobaena2 indeterminate taxaTimeline of new taxaThe following timeline displays valid taxa first discovered in the dinosaur. Some species may have been referred to other genera subsequent to their initial description.See alsoEarth sciences portalPaleontology portalDinosaurs portalList of dinosaur-bearing rock formationsFootnotes^ abc Fowler, D. (2016). A new correlation of the Cretaceous formations of the Western Interior of the United States, I: Santonian-Maastrichtian formations and dinosaur biostratigraphy. Peer J Preprints.^ Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units: Dinosaur Park Formation Archived 2013-02-21 at Archive.today^ abc Eberth, D.A. and Hamblin A.P. 1993. Tectonic, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic significance of a regional discontinuity in the upper Judith River Group (Belly River wedge) of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and northern Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 174-200.^ abcd Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p.54-82. .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2emISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 277-291. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Ryan and Evans (2005).^ ab Evans D.C.; Bavington R.; Campione N.E. (2009). "An unusual hadrosaurid braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation and the biostratigraphy of Parasaurolophus (Ornithischia: Lambeosaurinae) from southern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 46 (11): 791–800. Bibcode:2009CaJES..46..791E. doi:10.1139/E09-050.[permanent dead link]^ abcdefghijklmnop Arbour, V. M.; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117–1135. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405.^ abc Penkalski, P. (2013). "A new ankylosaurid from the late Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0125.^ Mallon, J. C., Evans, D. C., Ryan, M. J., & Anderson, J. S. (2012). Megaherbivorous dinosaur turnover in the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.^ Gardner, J.D. 2005. Lissamphibians. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 186-201. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 23 April 2018.^ "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 23 April 2018.^ Currie, P.J. 2005. Theropods, including birds. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 367-397. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Ryan, M.J., and Evans, D.C. 2005. Ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 312-348. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.^ Paul Penkalski (2018). Revised systematics of the armoured dinosaur Euoplocephalus and its allies. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 287(3): 261-306. doi: https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2018/0717^ Penkalski, P. (2013). "A new ankylosaurid from the late Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0125.^ abc "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 495.^ ab "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 496.^ abc Ryan, Michael J.; Evans, David C.; Currie, Phillip J.; Loewen, Mark A. (2014). "A New chasmosaurine from northern Laramidia expands frill disparity in ceratopsid dinosaurs". Naturwissenschaften. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1183-1^ abcd Nicholas R. Longrich (2014). "The horned dinosaurs Pentaceratops and Kosmoceratops from the upper Campanian of Alberta and implications for dinosaur biogeography". Cretaceous Research. 51: 292–308. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.06.011.^ Jordan C. Mallon, Christopher J. Ott, Peter L. Larson, Edward M. Iuliano and David C. Evans (2016). "Spiclypeus shipporum gen. et sp. nov., a Boldly Audacious New Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Montana, USA". PLoS ONE. 11 (5): e0154218. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1154218M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154218. PMC 4871577. PMID 27191389.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)^ abcde Farke, Andrew A.; Michael J. Ryan; Paul M. Barrett; Darren H. Tanke; Dennis R. Braman; Mark A. Loewen; Mark R. Graham (2011). "A new centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the evolution of parietal ornamentation in horned dinosaurs" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (4): 691–702. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0121.^ Michael J. Ryan; David C. Evans; Philip J. Currie; Caleb M. Brown; Don Brinkman (2012). "New leptoceratopsids from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research. 35: 69–80. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.018.^ Scott D. Sampson; Mark A. Loewen; Andrew A. Farke; Eric M. Roberts; Catherine A. Forster; Joshua A. Smith; Alan L. Titus (2010). "New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism". PLoS ONE. 5 (9): e12292. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512292S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012292. PMC 2929175. PMID 20877459.^ ab "Abstract," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 206.^ "Conclusions," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 212.^ ab "Eggshell," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 209.^ "Introduction," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 208.^ "Discussion," Tanke and Brett-Surman (2001). Page 212.^ "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 441.^ ab "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 440.^ abc "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 442.^ ab "Table 21.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 465.^ ab "Introduction," Jacobsen (2001). Page 59.^ "Discussion," Jacobsen (2001). Page 61.^ Longrich, N. R. (2014). "The horned dinosaurs Pentaceratops and Kosmoceratops from the upper Campanian of Alberta and implications for dinosaur biogeography". Cretaceous Research, 51: 292. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.06.011^ Longrich, N. (2008). "A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains." Palaeontology, 51(4): 983-997.^ McFeeters, B. et al., "A new ornithomimid theropod from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada" Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1221415^ Longrich, N. R.; Barnes, K.; Clark, S.; Millar, L. (2013). "Caenagnathidae from the Upper Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas, and a Revision of the Caenagnathinae". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 54: 23. doi:10.3374/014.054.0102.^ "Abstract," Jacobsen (2001). Page 58.^ ab Currie, Philip J. (2003). "Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurids from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (2): 191–226.^ Neuman, A.G., and Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Fishes of the fluvial beds. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 167-185. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 23 April 2018.^ Hiroki Sato; Alison M. Murray; Oksana Vernygora; Philip J. Currie (2018). "A rare, articulated sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Online edition: e1488137. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1488137.^ Johnston, P.A., and Hendy, A.J.W. 2005. Paleoecology of mollusks from the Upper Cretaceous Belly River Group. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 139-166. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Fox, R.C. 2005. Late Cretaceous mammals. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 417-435. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Koppelhus, E.B. 2005. Paleobotany. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 131-138. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Braman, D.R., and Koppelhus, E.B. 2005. Campanian palynomorphs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 101-130. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ K.Gao and Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Choristoderes from the Park and its vicinity. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 221-234. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Xiao-Chun Wu. 2005. Crocodylians. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 277-291. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Caldwell, M.W. The squamates: origins, phylogeny, and paleoecology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds). 2005. ‘’Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 235-248. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Sato, T., Eberth, D.A., Nicholls, E.L., and Manabe, M. 2005. Plesiosaurian remains from non-marine to paralic sediments. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 249-276. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Godfrey, S.J., and Currie, P.J. 2005. Pterosaurs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 292-311. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.^ Robert M. Sullivan and Denver W. Fowler (2011). "Navajodactylus boerei, n. gen., n. sp., (Pterosauria, ?Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (upper Campanian) of New Mexico" (PDF). Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin. 53: 393–404.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)^ Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Turtles: diversity, paleoecology, and distribution. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, p. 202-220. ISBN 0-253-34595-2.ReferencesArbour, V. M.; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117–1135. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405.Braman, D.R., and Koppelhus, E.B. 2005. Campanian palynomorphs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 101-130.Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Turtles: diversity, paleoecology, and distribution. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 202-220.Caldwell, M.W. The squamates: origins, phylogeny, and paleoecology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds). 2005. ‘’Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 235-248.Currie, P.J. 2005. Theropods, including birds. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 367-397.Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds). 2005. Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 648 p.Eberth, D.A. 2005. The geology. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 54-82.Fox, R.C. 2005. Late Cretaceous mammals. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 417-435.K. Gao and Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Choristoderes from the Park and its vicinity. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 221-234.Gardner, J.D. 2005. Lissamphibians. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 186-201.Godfrey, S.J., and Currie, P.J. 2005. Pterosaurs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 292-311.Johnston, P.A., and Hendy, A.J.W. 2005. Paleoecology of mollusks from the Upper Cretaceous Belly River Group. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 139-166.Koppelhus, E.B. 2005. Paleobotany. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 131-138.Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. "Dinosaur Park Formation". Archived from the original on 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2011-03-29.Neuman, A.G., and Brinkman, D.B. 2005. Fishes of the fluvial beds. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 167-185.Ryan, M.J., and Evans, D.C. 2005. Ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 312-348.Sato, T., Eberth, D.A., Nicholls, E.L., and Manabe, M. 2005. Plesiosaurian remains from non-marine to paralic sediments. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 249-276.Tanke, D.H. and Brett-Surman, M.K. 2001. Evidence of Hatchling and Nestling-Size Hadrosaurs (Reptilia:Ornithischia) from Dinosaur Provincial Park (Dinosaur Park Formation: Campanian), Alberta, Canada. pp. 206–218. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life—New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Edited by D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter. Indiana University Press: Bloomington. xviii + 577 pp.Xiao-Chun Wu. 2005. Crocodylians. In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 277-291.Coordinates: 50°42′N 111°30′W / 50.7°N 111.5°W / 50.7; -111.5vteWestern Canadian Sedimentary BasinHydrocarbon historyOil sands and heavy oilFrontier exploration and developmentNatural gas liquidsNatural gasDepositional regionsSouthern AlbertaCentral AlbertaNorthwestern Alberta PlainsSouth-central Canadian Rockies foothillsNorth-east PlainsNorth-central foothillsLiard RiverFort NelsonNorthern Rocky MountainsFort St. JohnSaskatchewanWestern ManitobaSouthern Alberta plainsCypress Hills FMPorcupine Hills FMRavenscrag FMEdmonton GRPBelly River GRPOldman FMForemost FMPakowki FMMilk River FMColorado GRPMannville GRPEllis GRPSwift FMRierdon FMSawtooth FMRundle GRPBanff FMExshaw FMBakken FMWabamun FMCrowfoot FMNisku FMIreton FMLeduc FMCooking Lake FMBeaverhill Lake GRPElk Point GRPCanadian Shield Get link Facebook Twitter Pinterest Email Other Apps
倭马亚王朝 Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center 倭马亚王朝 بنو أمية 661年－750年 国旗 倭马亚哈里发国的版图 首都 大马士革（661-744） 哈兰（744-750） 常用语言 阿拉伯语（官方），亚拉姆语，亚美尼亚语，柏柏尔语族，非洲罗曼语，科普特语，格鲁吉亚语，希腊语，希伯来语，突厥语族，库尔德语 [1] ，波斯语，莫札拉布语 宗教 伊斯兰教逊尼派 政府 君主制 哈里发 • 661年–680年 穆阿威叶一世 • 744年–750年 马尔万二世 历史 • 穆阿威叶哈里发 661年 • 阿拔斯家族战胜并杀死马尔万二世，王朝灭亡 750年 面积 750年 13,400,000 km 2 人口 • 750年 34000000 货币 倭马亚第纳尔 先前国 继承国 四大哈里发 拜占庭帝国 西哥特王国 阿拔斯王朝 后倭马亚王朝 大伊朗地區歷史 現代國家興起前 現代之前 伊斯蘭之前 俾什达迪王朝 神话时期 凯扬王朝 （ 英语 ： Kayanian dynasty ） 神话时期 史前 （ 英语 ： Prehistoric Iran ） 埃蘭文明 前3200年－前2800年 埃蘭王朝 前2800年－前550年 吉罗夫特文化 （ 英语 ： Jiroft culture ） 卢卢比人 （ 英语 ： Lullubi ） 古提人 塞尔提亚人 （ 英语 ： Cyrtian ） 科杜内 （ 英语 ： Corduene ） 巴克特里亞-馬爾吉阿納 前2200年－前1700年 馬納王國 前10–前7世紀 米底王國 前728年－前550年 斯基泰王国 前652年–前625年 阿契美尼德王朝 前550年－前330年 塞琉古帝國 前330年－前150年 希腊-巴克特里亚王国 前250年－前125年 帕提亞帝國 前224年－公元248年 公元后 貴霜帝國 30–275年 薩珊王朝 224–651年 阿夫里格王朝 305–995年 嚈噠帝國 425–557年 喀布爾-夏希王朝 565–879年 达不义德王朝 （ 英语 ： Dabu Read more
Gabbro Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP A coarse-grained mafic intrusive rock Gabbro Photomicrograph of a thin section of gabbro Gabbro ( / ˈ ɡ æ b r oʊ / ) is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rock formed from the slow cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the Earth's surface. Slow-cooling, coarse-grained gabbro is chemically equivalent to rapid-cooling, fine-grained basalt. Much of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of gabbro, formed at mid-ocean ridges. Gabbro is also found as plutons associated with continental volcanism. Due to its variant nature, the term "gabbro" may be applied loosely to a wide range of intrusive rocks, many of which are merely "gabbroic". Contents 1 Etymology 2 Petrology 3 Distribution 4 Uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology The term "gabbro" was used in the 1760s to name a set of rock types that were found in the ophiolites of the Apenn Read more
托萊多 (西班牙) Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center 托萊多 城市 Toledo 托莱多的夕照景色——左邊的托莱多城堡和右邊的托莱多主教座堂在天際線中顯眼 旗幟 徽章 托萊多 坐标： 39°51′24″N 4°1′28″W / 39.85667°N 4.02444°W / 39.85667; -4.02444 坐标： 39°51′24″N 4°1′28″W / 39.85667°N 4.02444°W / 39.85667; -4.02444 國家 西班牙 西班牙 自治區 卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰 省 托萊多省 地区 托萊多 司法辖区 托萊多 聚居 約前7世紀 政府 • 市长 Emiliano García-Page Sánchez （PSOE） 面积 • 陸地 232.1 平方公里（89.6 平方英里） 海拔 529 米（1,736 英尺） 人口 （2015年）INE • 總計 83,226 • 密度 35,904/平方公里（92,990/平方英里） 邮编 45001-45009 電話區號 +34 網站 http://www.ayto-toledo.org/ 托莱多 （西班牙語： Toledo ， 西班牙語： [toˈleðo] ），又稱 杜麗多 ，是西班牙中部的一个自治市，位于马德里西南约70公里。托莱多是托莱多省的首府，也是其所在的卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰自治区的首府。该市2017年人口83,741人 [1] 。 托莱多始於羅馬時期，在腓力二世前為卡斯蒂利亞王國（後西班牙王國）首都。它因其保存完好的基督教、伊斯兰教和犹太教建筑而在1986年被评为世界文化遺產，有哥德式、摩爾式、巴洛克式和新古典式各類教堂、寺院、修道院、王宮、城牆、博物館等古建築70多處。 目录 1 纹章 2 歷史事件 3 地理 4 气候 5 著名景点 6 友好城市 7 著名人物 8 图集 9 参考文献 10 外部連結 纹章 托莱多纹章 托莱多的纹章据称是由查理五世授予的。纹章由带着盾徽的黑色的帝国双头鹰组成。盾徽是卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂的纹章，下面有石榴图案。盾徽被金羊毛勋章垂饰所环绕。双头 Read more
Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP
Alberta
Canada