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Bearpaw Formation Stratigraphic range: Campanian-Maastrichtian, 75–72 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Contact (red arrow) between the underlying marine shales of the Bearpaw Formation and the coastal Horseshoe Canyon Formation.
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Montana Group
Underlies	Horseshoe Canyon Formation, St. Mary River Formation, Eastend Formation, and others
Overlies	Dinosaur Park Formation, Judith River Formation
Thickness	Up to 350 meters (1,150 ft)[1]
Lithology
Primary	Shale, claystone
Other	Siltstone, sandstone, concretionary beds
Location
Coordinates	48°15′0″N 109°30′0″W / 48.25000°N 109.50000°W / 48.25000; -109.50000 (Bearpaw Formation)Coordinates: 48°15′0″N 109°30′0″W / 48.25000°N 109.50000°W / 48.25000; -109.50000 (Bearpaw Formation)
Region	Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana
Country	Canada, United States
Extent	Northern Montana to central Alberta and southern Saskatchewan
Type section
Named for	Bear Paw Mountains, Montana
Named by	Hatcher and Stanton, 1903[2]

The Bearpaw Formation, also called the Bearpaw Shale, is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) age. It outcrops in the U.S. state of Montana, as well as the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and was named for the Bear Paw Mountains in Montana.^[2] It includes a wide range of marine fossils, as well as the remains of a few dinosaurs. It is known for its fossil ammonites, some of which are mined in Alberta to produce the organic gemstone ammolite.^[3]

Lithology and depositional environment

Bearpaw shale being excavated to recover ammonites for ammolite production.

The formation was deposited in the Bearpaw Sea, which was part of the Western Interior Seaway that advanced and then retreated across the region during Campanian time.^[4] It is composed primarily of dark grey shales, claystones, silty claystones and siltstones, with subordinate silty sandstones. It also includes bedded and nodular concretions (both calcareous and ironstone concretions) and thin beds of bentonite. As the seaway retreated toward the southwest, the marine sediments of the Bearpaw became covered by the deltaic and coastal plain sediments of the overlying formations.^[1][5][6]

Relationship to other units

The Bearpaw Formation conformably overlies the Dinosaur Park Formation of the Belly River Group in central Alberta, and the Judith River Formation in the plains to the east and Montana. It is overlain by the Horseshoe Canyon Formation in central Alberta; by the Blood Reserve Formation and the St. Mary River Formation in southern Alberta; by the Eastend Formation in southern Saskatchewan; and by the Fox Hills Formation in Montana. To the east, it merges into the Pierre Shale.^[1]

Fauna

A specimen of Placenticeras ammolite from the Bearpaw Formation.

The Bearpaw Formation is famous for its well-preserved ammonite fossils. These include Placenticeras meeki and Placenticeras intercalare, and the baculite Baculites compressus, some of which are mined south-central Alberta to produce the organic gemstone ammolite.^[3]

Other fossils found in this formation include many types of shellfish, bony fish, sharks, rays, birds, and marine reptiles like mosasaurs such as Prognathodon overtoni and Plioplatecarpus peckensis, plesiosaurs such as Dolichorhynchops Herschelensis, Albertonectes and Nakonanectes, and sea turtles. Dinosaur remains have occasionally been discovered, presumably from carcasses that washed out to sea.^[7][8]

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Bearpaw Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Description	Images
Brachylophosaurus[7]	Indeterminate[7]					Brachylophosaurus
Edmontonia[7]	Indeterminate[7]
cf. Kritosaurus				"Nearly complete skull and postcranium."[9]	A hadrosaurid
Prosaurolophus[7]	Indeterminate[7]
Stegoceras[7]	Indeterminate[7]

References