Xrthnty

Major General Sir Fitzroy Maclean, Bt KT CBE
Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire
In office 8 October 1959 – 28 February 1974
Preceded by	Charles McAndrew
Succeeded by	John Corrie
Member of Parliament for Lancaster
In office 1941–1959
Preceded by	Herwald Ramsbotham
Succeeded by	Humphry Berkeley
Personal details
Born	(1911-03-11)11 March 1911 Cairo, Egypt
Died	(1996-06-15)15 June 1996 (aged 85) Hertford, England
Nationality	Scottish
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Veronica Nell Fraser-Phipps
Children	2
Education	Eton College
Alma mater	King's College, Cambridge
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Rank	Major General
Battles/wars	World War II

Sir Fitzroy Hew Royle Maclean, 1st Baronet, KT, CBE (11 March 1911 – 15 June 1996) was a Scottish soldier, writer and politician. He was a Unionist Member of Parliament from 1941 to 1974 and was one of only two men who during the Second World War enlisted in the British Army as a private and rose to the rank of brigadier, the other being future fellow Conservative MP Enoch Powell.

Maclean wrote several books, including Eastern Approaches, in which he recounted three extraordinary series of adventures: travelling, often incognito, in Soviet Central Asia; fighting in the Western Desert Campaign, where he specialised in commando raids behind enemy lines; and living rough with Tito and his Yugoslav Partisans. It has been widely speculated that Ian Fleming used Maclean as one of his inspirations for James Bond.^[1]

Early life

Maclean was born in Cairo to Major Charles Wilberforce Maclean QOCH (1875-19??), a member of the Scottish landed gentry serving in Egypt with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders,^[2] and Frances Elaine Gladys Royle (12 June 1882 – 1954), the only daughter of George Royle, a Royal Navy officer, and Fannie Jane Longueville Snow. The couple wed on 12 July 1905 at St George's Parish, Hanover Square, Middlesex, London.

Heritage and education

He was descended from the Macleans of Ardgour, a Sept of the Clan Maclean, whose chiefs have as their historic seat Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides. He was brought up in Italy and educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, where he read Classics and History. He then studied in Germany before joining the Diplomatic Service in 1933.

In the Soviet Union

In 1934 Fitzroy Maclean was posted to the British Embassy in Paris. Bored with the pleasant but undemanding routine, he requested a posting to Moscow in 1937. The two and a half years he spent in the Soviet Union formed the first third of his best known book, the autobiographical Eastern Approaches.

Maclean was in Moscow until late 1939, and so was present during the great Stalinist purges, observing the fates of Bukharin and other Russian revolutionaries. Although he was stationed in the capital, Maclean travelled extensively, primarily by train, into remote regions of the USSR which were off limits to foreigners, and was shadowed by the NKVD as he did so.

World War II

When war broke out in 1939 Maclean was prevented from joining the military because of his position as a diplomat. He was 2nd Secretary in the Foreign Office. Therefore, he resigned from the Diplomatic Service "to go into politics". After tendering his resignation he immediately took a taxi to the nearest recruiting office and enlisted as a Private in the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. He was soon promoted to lance corporal and was commissioned in 1941. In that year he became the Conservative MP for Lancaster.

In North Africa in 1942, he distinguished himself in the early actions of the newly formed Special Air Service (SAS), where, with Ralph A. Bagnold, he developed ways of driving vehicles over the Libyan sand "seas". Maclean was a brilliant practitioner in the T. E. Lawrence brand of fighting, and he reported directly to Winston Churchill in Cairo. A letter of introduction from David Stirling said of him at the end of this period: "He has done well on our raids. Don't be taken in by his rather pompous manner or his slow way of speaking - he is OK."^[3]

Persia and Iraq

Later that year he transferred to the Middle East as part of the Persia and Iraq Command. He was "allotted a platoon of Seaforth Highlanders and instructed to kidnap" General Fazlollah Zahedi, the commander of the Persian forces in the Isfahan area.^[4] Maclean captured him and smuggled him out by plane to internment in Palestine. This incident soon led Hitler's government to withdraw support from its network in Persia.

Yugoslavia

Yugoslav Leader Marshal Tito Talking with Fitzroy Maclean

Churchill chose him to lead a liaison mission (Macmis) to central Yugoslavia in 1943. Josip Broz Tito and his Partisans were emerging as a major obstacle to German control of the Balkans. Little was known at the time about Tito: some suspected this was an acronym for a committee or that he might in fact be a young woman. Maclean got to know Tito well, and later produced two biographies of him. Maclean's relationship with Tito's Partisans was not always easy, partly because they were Communist, while he came from an upper class Scottish background, and had witnessed Stalinism in action (see above).

As Churchill personally told him, Maclean's mission was not to concern himself with how Yugoslavia was to be run after the war, but "simply to find out who was killing the most Germans and suggest means by which we could help them to kill more."^[5] (See also Yugoslavia and the Allies.)

In the late summer of 1944, together with Tito, he planned and implemented Operation Ratweek. It was a major Allied bombing campaign in collaboration with the local Partisan troops in order to prevent German troops retreating back and reinforcing those in central and western Europe, thus prolonging the war.^[6]

His biography of Tito reveals the admiration he held for the Yugoslav leader and the Yugoslav Communist-led anti-fascist struggle. He developed a great affection for Yugoslavia and its people and was later given permission to buy a house on the Dalmatian island of Korčula, Croatia.^[7]

Having been appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1944,^[8] he received the Order of Kutuzov (Soviet Union) ^[9] (which impressed the Soviet troops in Belgrade), and after the war the Croix de Guerre (France), and Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia). He reached the rank of Brigadier during the war, and was promoted to Major General in 1947.

Later life

Appearing (top) on television discussion programme After Dark "Bloody Bosnia" in 1993

Maclean was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Lancaster in the 1941 by-election. He was re-elected from Lancaster in 1945, 1950, 1951, and 1955. He served briefly as a junior minister at the War Office from 1954-57.^{[citation needed]}Harold Macmillan regretted losing him, "but he is really so hopeless in the House that he is a passenger in office ... a great pity, since he is so able."^[10]

In the 1959 general election he switched constituencies to Bute and North Ayrshire, where he was elected as a Unionist (then the Scottish label for Conservatives).
He was re-elected as a Unionist in 1964, and as a Conservative in 1966 and 1970. He retired at the February 1974 general election. In his last two years, he was appointed as a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and Western European Union.^{[citation needed]}

Marriage

He married Veronica Nell Fraser-Phipps (1920–2005), a Roman Catholic, in 1946. She was the daughter of the 16th Lord Lovat and widow of naval hero Lt. Alan Phipps, who was killed ashore at Leros in 1943. Sir Fitzroy and Lady Maclean had two sons: Charles Edward (born 1946) and Alexander James Simon Aeneas ("Jamie"; born 1949), who were brought up in their mother's faith.^[11] Charles is an author, well known for dark thrillers, including the cult classic The Watcher.^[12] Jamie became an art dealer and founded the Erotic Review.^[13]

Maclean was also stepfather to his wife's children from her first marriage, Susan Rose "Sukie" Phipps (born 1941) and Jeremy Julian Phipps (born 1942), who were not brought up Catholic. Sukie married Richard St. Clair de la Mare, grandson of poet Walter de la Mare in 1959, then writer Derek Marlowe in 1968, and finally Captain Nicolas Paravicini in 1986.^[14] She had five children, and is stepmother to autistic savant Derek Paravicini. Jeremy became a Major General in the Army, having served in the SAS.

Honours

Sir Fitzroy was honoured with the baronetcy of Maclean of Strachur and Glensluain in 1957,^[15] was made the 15th Hereditary Keeper and Captain of Dunconnel Castle in 1981 and was made a knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle in 1994.^[16]

In retirement Maclean wrote extensively. His wide range of subjects included: Scottish history, biographies (including Tito and Burgess), a Russian trilogy and assorted works of fiction. He also contributed to other books, for example writing the foreword to a 1984 biography of Joseph Wolff, the so-called "Eccentric Missionary" in whose footsteps he had travelled to Bukhara almost half a century before.^[17]

Maclean and his wife managed a hotel at Strachur.^[18] In 1964 he commissioned his wartime friend, fellow commando and yacht designer Alfred Mylne II, to build the motor yacht Judi of Bute for use around the West Coast of Scotland. Maclean was a patron of Strachur and District Shinty Club. He collected an extensive library, including a full set of early editions of James Bond novels, which sold in September 2008 for £26,000.^[19]

In the late 1960s, Maclean bought the Palazzo Boschi villa on the Adriatic island of Korčula (present-day Croatia),^[20] where he spent a good part of each year.^[21]

Yugoslav legislation at the time barred foreigners from buying real-estate property, but Tito intervened to allow Maclean to do so. The town of Korčula was declared a free city, and the Macleans were declared its citizens. As soon as the purchase was registered with city authorities, the free city status was revoked.^[22]

In 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence, Maclean and his wife delivered medical supplies to the island of Korčula, with a substantial contribution from the people of Rothesay and Bute.^[20][23]

Death

Sir Fitzroy Maclean died on 15 June 1996, aged 85, in England.^[24]

Legacy

Maclean was posthumously awarded the Order of Prince Branimir for the humanitarian aid to Croatia, as well as contributing to international affirmation of Croatia. The decoration was presented by the Croatian President Stjepan Mesić in December 2001.^[25]

Maclean may have been one of the models for Ian Fleming's character James Bond.^[26]

Styles and honours

• Fitzroy Maclean, Esq (1911–41)


• Fitzroy Maclean, Esq (1941–44) MP
  


• Fitzroy Maclean, Esq, CBE, MP (1944–57)


• Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Strachur and Glensluian, Bt, CBE, MP (1957–74)


• Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Strachur and Glensluian, Bt, CBE (1974–81)


• Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Dunconnel, Bt, CBE (1981–94)


• Sir Fitzroy Maclean of Dunconnel, Bt, KT, CBE (1994–96)

Posts held

• 
  Member of Parliament for Lancaster (1941–59)


• 
  Parliamentary Undersecretary of State for War (1954–1957)


• Member of Parliament for Bute and Northern Ayrshire (1959–74)

Bibliography

• 
  Eastern Approaches 1949


• 
  The Heretic: the life and times of Josip Broz-Tito..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em, Also published as Disputed Barricade: the life and times of Josip Broz-Tito, Marshal of Yugoslavia 1957


• 
  A Person from England 1958


• 
  Back to Bokhara 1959


• 
  Yugoslavia 1969


• 
  Concise History of Scotland 1970


• 
  The Battle of Neretva 1970


• 
  The Back of Beyond: an illustrated companion to Central Asia and Mongolia 1974


• 
  To Causasus 1976


• 
  Holy Russia 1978


• 
  Take Nine Spies 1978


• 
  Tito 1980


• 
  Josip Broz Tito: A Pictorial Biography 1980
  ISBN 0-07-044660-1
  


• 
  The Isles of the Sea 1985


• 
  Portrait of the Soviet Union 1988


• 
  Bonnie Prince Charlie 1988


• 
  All the Russias 1992


• 
  Highlanders: A History of the Scottish Clans 1995

Biographies

• Maclean, Veronica (2002) Past Forgetting: a memoir of heroes, adventure, love and life with Fitzroy Maclean. London: Review
  ISBN 0-7553-1025-X
  


• McLynn, Frank (1992) Fitzroy Maclean. London: John Murray
  ISBN 0-7195-4971-X
  

See also

• Special Operations Executive


• Balkan Air Force


• Yugoslav Partisans

References

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir Fitzroy Maclean
  


• Sir Fitzroy, the original James Bond, is dead


• Scots adventurer was never a spy, reveals widow


• Fitzroy Maclean, War Hero And Author, Is Dead at 85


• 
  Local obituary - Veronica, Lady Maclean. Information on the latter part of his life, including running the Highland hotel.


• 
  Times obituary of Veronica Lady Maclean. "Well-connected writer, traveller, restaurateur and devotee of the Scottish Highlands and Yugoslavia." On their marriage.


• 
  "I wish you could think of grown-up sins." Allan Massie reviews Past Forgetting by Veronica Maclean.


• 
  A Guide to the Papers of Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1827-1996 Maclean's family and personal papers are held at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library of the University of Virginia
  


• 
  Works by or about Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet at Internet Archive