Opera (web browser)

The name of the pictureThe name of the pictureThe name of the pictureClash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP




freeware web browser using the Blink browser engine





















Opera
Opera 2015 icon.svg

Opera 57 displaying the Speed Dial page on Windows 10
Opera 57 displaying the Speed Dial page on Windows 10

Developer(s)Opera Limited
Initial release10 April 1995; 23 years ago (1995-04-10)[1]

Stable release(s) [±]
58.0.3135.68 (February 20, 2019; 5 days ago (2019-02-20)[2])

Preview release(s) [±]




beta58.0.3135.59 / February 5, 2019; 20 days ago (2019-02-05)[3]
developer59.0.3228.0 / February 14, 2019; 11 days ago (2019-02-14)[4]

Written in
C++[5]
Operating system
Windows 7 or later,[6]macOS, Linux, Android, (formerly FreeBSD)
Engines
Blink (formerly Presto), V8
Available in42 languages
TypeWeb browser
LicenseFreeware
Websitewww.opera.com

Opera is a web browser for Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems [7]. Opera Ltd. is publicly listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange [8], with majority ownership and control belongs to Yahui Zhou, creator of Beijing Kunlun Tech.[8] Opera is a Chromium-based browser using the Blink layout engine. It differentiates itself with a distinct user interface and other features.


Opera was conceived at Telenor as a research project in 1994 and was bought by Opera Software in 1995. It was commercial software for the first ten years and had its own proprietary Presto layout engine. The Presto versions of Opera received many awards, but Presto development ended after the big transition to Chromium in 2013.


There are also three mobile versions called Opera Mobile, Opera Touch [9] and Opera Mini.




Contents





  • 1 History


  • 2 Features

    • 2.1 Usability and accessibility


    • 2.2 Privacy and security


    • 2.3 Crypto Wallet Support


    • 2.4 Standards support



  • 3 Development stages


  • 4 Market adoption


  • 5 Reception

    • 5.1 Awards



  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links




History


Main article: History of the Opera web browser




Håkon Wium Lie, chief technical officer of the Opera Software company and co-creator of the CSS web standard


Opera began in 1994 as a research project at Telenor, the largest Norwegian telecommunications company. In 1995, it branched out into a separate company named Opera Software.[10] Opera was first released publicly in 1996 with version 2.10,[11] which only ran on Microsoft Windows.[12] In an attempt to capitalize on the emerging market for Internet-connected handheld devices, a project to port Opera to mobile device platforms was started in 1998.[12] Opera 4.0, released in 2000,[11] included a new cross-platform core that facilitated creation of editions of Opera for multiple operating systems and platforms.[13]


Up to this point, Opera was trialware and had to be purchased after the trial period ended. Version 5.0 (released in 2000) saw the end of this requirement. Instead, Opera became ad-sponsored, displaying advertisements to users who had not paid for it.[14] Later versions of Opera gave the user the choice of seeing banner ads or targeted text advertisements from Google. With version 8.5 (released in 2005) the advertisements were removed entirely and primary financial support for the browser came through revenue from Google (which is by contract Opera's default search engine).[15]


Among the new features introduced in version 9.1 (released in 2006) was fraud protection using technology from GeoTrust, a digital certificate provider, and PhishTank, an organization that tracks known phishing web sites.[16] This feature was further improved and expanded in version 9.5, when GeoTrust was replaced with Netcraft, and malware protection from Haute Secure was added.[17]


Also in 2006, Opera Software ASA released Internet Channel and Nintendo DS Browser for Nintendo's DS and Wii gaming systems.[18][19][20][21]


A new JavaScript engine called Carakan, after the Javanese alphabet, was introduced with version 10.50.[22] According to Opera Software, Carakan made Opera 10.50 more than seven times faster in SunSpider than Opera 10.10.[23][24][25] On 16 December 2010, Opera 11 was released, featuring extensions,[26] tab stacking (where dragging one tab over another allows you to create a group of tabs), visual mouse gestures, and changes to the address bar.[27] Opera 12 was released on 14 June 2012.[28]


On 12 February 2013, Opera Software announced that it would drop its own Presto layout engine in favour of WebKit as implemented by Google's Chrome browser, using code from the Chromium project. Opera Software also planned to contribute code to WebKit.[29] On 3 April 2013, Google announced that it would fork components from WebKit to form a new layout engine known as Blink; the same day, Opera Software confirmed that it would follow Google in implementing Blink layout engine.[30]


On 28 May 2013, a beta release of Opera 15 was made available,[31] the first version based on the Chromium project.[32][33] Many distinctive Opera features of the previous versions were dropped, and Opera Mail was separated into a standalone application derived from Opera 12.[34]


In November 2016, the original Norwegian owner of Opera sold his stake in the business to a Chinese consortium under the name Golden Brick Capital Private Equity Fund I Limited Partnership for $600 million.[35][36][37] An earlier deal was not approved by regulators.[38]


In January 2017, the source code of Opera 12.15 (one of the last few versions that was still based on Presto layout engine) was leaked.[39]


To demonstrate how a radically different browser could look, Opera Neon, dubbed a "concept browser", was released in January 2017. PC World likened it to demo models that automakers and hardware vendors release to show their visions of the future. Instead of a Speed Dial, it displays the frequently accessed websites in what resembles a desktop with computer icons scattered over it in artistic formation.[40][41]



Features


Main article: Features of the Opera web browser

Opera has originated features later adopted by other web browsers, including Speed Dial, pop-up blocking, re-opening recently closed pages, private browsing, and tabbed browsing.[42][43] Opera includes a bookmarks bar and a download manager. Opera also has "Speed Dial", which allows the user to add an unlimited number of pages shown in thumbnail form in a page displayed when a new tab is opened. Speed Dial allows the user to more easily navigate to the selected web pages.[42][43][44]



Usability and accessibility


It is possible to control some aspects of the browser using the keyboard shortcuts.[45]Page zooming allows text, images and other content such as Adobe Flash Player, Java platform and Scalable Vector Graphics to be increased or decreased in size to help those with impaired vision.[46]


Opera Software claims that when the Opera Turbo mode is enabled, the compression servers compress requested web pages (except HTTPS pages) by up to 50%, depending upon the content, before sending them to the users.[47] This process reduces the amount of data transferred and is particularly useful for crowded or slow network connections, making web pages load faster or when there are costs dependent for the total amount of data usage.[47] This technique is also used in Opera Mini for mobile devices[48] and smartwatches.[49]



Privacy and security


See also: Browser security

One security feature is the option to delete private data, such as HTTP cookies, browsing history, items in cache and passwords with the click of a button.[50] This lets users erase personal data after browsing from a shared computer.


When visiting a site, Opera displays a security badge in the address bar which shows details about the website, including security certificates.[50] Opera also implements the Google Safe Browsing API to check the website that is being visited against blacklists for phishing and malware, and displays a warning page if it matches any of these lists.[50]


In January 2007, Asa Dotzler of the competing Mozilla Corporation accused Opera Software of downplaying information about security vulnerabilities in Opera, (which were fixed in December 2006). Dotzler claimed that users were not clearly informed of security vulnerabilities that were present in the previous version of Opera, and thus they would not realize that they needed to upgrade to the latest version or else risk being exploited by hackers.[51] Opera Software responded to these accusations on the next day.[52]


In 2016, a free virtual private network (VPN) service was implemented in the browser.[53] Opera said that this would allow encrypted access to websites otherwise blocked, and provide security on public WiFi networks.[54] Either VPN or Turbo can be enabled, but not both.[55]


In July 2018, Opera was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange [56] in New York City at an initial offering of $12 per share.



Crypto Wallet Support


In 2018, a built-in cryptocurrency wallet to the Opera Web Browser was released.[57]. Announcing that they would be the first browser with a built-in Crypto Wallet[58]. On December 13, 2018 they released a video showing many decentralized applications like Cryptokitties running on the android version of the Opera Web Browser[59].



Standards support


Opera was one of the first browsers to support Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).[60]



Development stages


Opera Software uses a release cycle consisting of three "streams" (which correspond to phases of development) that can be downloaded and installed independently of each other: "developer", "beta" and "stable". New features are first introduced in the developer build, then, depending on user feedback, may progress to the beta version and eventually be released.[61]


The developer stream allows early testing of new features, mainly targeting developers, extension creators, and early adopters. Opera developer is not intended for everyday browsing as it is unstable and is prone to failure or crashing, but it enables advanced users to try out new features that are still under development, without affecting their normal installation of the browser. New versions of the browser are released frequently, generally a few times a week.[62]


The beta stream, formerly known as "Opera Next", is a feature complete package, allowing stability and quality to mature before the final release. A new version is released every couple of weeks.[63]


Both streams can be installed alongside the official release without interference. Each has a different icon to help the user distinguish between the variants.



Market adoption


Further information: Usage share of web browsers



























Desktop/laptop/tablet browser statistics
Google Chrome
 
68.75%
Safari
 
9.27%
Mozilla Firefox
 
8.54%
Internet Explorer
 
5.03%
Microsoft Edge
 
3.73%
Opera
 
2.08%
Desktop and tablet web browser market share according to StatCounter for November 2018.[64]

In 2005, Adobe Systems opted to integrate Opera's rendering engine, Presto, into its Adobe Creative Suite applications. Opera technology was employed in Adobe GoLive, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Dreamweaver, and other components of the Adobe Creative Suite.[65][66] Opera's layout engine is also found in Virtual Mechanics SiteSpinner Pro.[67] The Internet Channel is a version of the Opera 9 web browser for use on the Nintendo Wii created by Opera Software and Nintendo.[68] Opera Software is also implemented in the Nintendo DS Browser for Nintendo's handheld systems.



Reception


Versions with the Presto layout engine have been positively reviewed,[69][70][71] although they have been criticized for website compatibility issues.[72][73] Because of this issue, Opera 8.01 and higher had included workarounds to help certain popular but problematic web sites display properly.[74][75]


Versions with the Blink layout engine have been criticized by some users for missing features such as UI customization, and for abandoning Opera Software's own Presto layout engine.[76][77][78][79] Despite that, versions with Blink layout engine have been praised for being fast and stable, for handling the latest web standards and for having a better website compatibility and a modern-style user interface.[80][81][82]



Awards


Over the years, Opera for personal computers has received several awards. These awards include:[83]




  • About.com Best Major Desktop Browser - 2012[84]


  • About.com Best Major Desktop Browser - 2010[85]

  • Webware 100 winner, 2009[86]

  • Webware 100 winner, 2008[87]


  • PC World World Class Award, 2004 and 2005


  • Web Host Magazine & Buyer's Guide Editors' Choice


  • PC Magazine Testsieger (Test Winner), 2006


  • PC Plus Performance Award


  • PC World Best Data Product, 2003


  • PC World Best i Test, 2003


  • Web Attack Editor's Pick, 2003


  • ZDNet Editor's Pick, 2000


  • Tech Cruiser Award 4 Excellence, 1999



See also


Related web browsers:



  • Opera Mobile: a browser for tablets and telephones


  • Opera Mini: a browser for tablets and telephones


  • Otter Browser: An open-source web browser that aims to recreate some aspects of the classic Opera


  • Vivaldi: A freeware web browser by former Opera Software employees who were not satisfied by the development decisions of the company

Web browsers:


  • History of the web browser

  • List of web browsers

  • Timeline of web browsers

Essential features:


  • Comparison of browser synchronizers

  • List of pop-up blocking software


References




  1. ^ "Opera version history — Opera 1 series". Opera Software. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "Opera 58.0.3135.68 Stable update". Opera Software. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.


  3. ^ "Opera 58.0.3135.59 beta update". 2019-02-05. Retrieved 2019-02-20.


  4. ^ "Opera 59.0.3228.0 developer update". 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-20.


  5. ^ Lextrait, Vincent (July 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.3". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  6. ^ "Opera system requirements". Opera Software. Retrieved 22 March 2018.


  7. ^ Opera browser sold to a Chinese consortium for $600 million


  8. ^ ab https://investor.opera.com/static-files/1f7ced59-982f-4687-b4d3-f47f6899e918


  9. ^ https://www.opera.com/pl/mobile/touch


  10. ^ "About Opera". Opera Software. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2010.


  11. ^ ab "Affiliated Organization of Firefox and Mozilla" (PDF). Mozilla Japan. Mozilla Foundation. 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2010.


  12. ^ ab "Milestones". Opera Software. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2011.


  13. ^ Schenk, Mark (2010). "Opera browser version history". Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  14. ^ Lettice, John (6 December 2000). "Opera browser goes free with version 5.0 launch". The Register. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  15. ^ Baker, Loren (20 September 2005). "Opera Goes Free with Help from Google". Search Engine Journal. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  16. ^ Goldman, Daniel (18 December 2006). "Opera 9.1 is out with Fraud Protection". Opera Watch. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  17. ^ Kleinhout, Huib (6 June 2008). "Malware protection". Opera Desktop Team. Opera Software. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  18. ^ "Giving gamers two windows to the Web: The Opera Browser for Nintendo DS" (Press release). Opera Software. 15 February 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  19. ^ "Nintendo DS Browser available to North American market" (Press release). Opera Software. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  20. ^ "A Web Revolution in the Living room: Opera partners with Nintendo to put browser on the Wii game console" (Press release). Opera Software. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  21. ^ "Play with the Web: Opera browser now available for download on Wii" (Press release). Opera Software. 22 December 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  22. ^ "Opera 10.50 for Windows changelog (Final)". Opera Software. 2 March 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  23. ^ Mateu, Roberto (1 January 2010). "Opera 10.5 pre-alpha for Labs". Opera Labs. Opera Software. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  24. ^ De, Pallab (22 December 2009). "Opera 10.5 Pre-Alpha Is Here and It Is Fast!". Techie-buzz.com. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  25. ^ Purdy, Kevin (22 December 2009). "Opera 10.5 Pre-Alpha is All About Speed (and Private Browsing)". Lifehacker. Gawker Media. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  26. ^ Protalinski, Emil (21 October 2010). "Opera 11 alpha out: developers, start your extension engines". Ars Technica. Missing or empty |url= (help)


  27. ^ "Opera 11.00 for Windows changelog". Opera Software. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  28. ^ "Opera 12.00 for Windows Changelog". Opera Software. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  29. ^ "Hey Presto, Opera switches to WebKit". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 4 April 2013.



  30. ^ Opera Desktop Team - Opera Next 15 Released!. My.opera.com (28 May 2013). Retrieved on 21 July 2013.


  31. ^ Opera Developer News - A first peek at Opera 15 for Computers. My.opera.com (28 May 2013). Retrieved on 21 July 2013.


  32. ^ The Chromium-Powered Opera Is Finally Here. WebProNews (28 May 2013). Retrieved on 21 July 2013.


  33. ^ Standalone Opera Mail Client Coming to Linux. Omgubuntu.co.uk (28 May 2013). Retrieved on 21 July 2013.


  34. ^ "BRIEF-Opera Software says has closed $575 mln with China's Golden Brick". Reuters. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2017.


  35. ^ Lunden, Ingrid. "Opera renegotiates its $1.2B sale down to $600M for its browsers, privacy apps, Chinese JV". TechCrunch. Retrieved 20 May 2017.


  36. ^ "NewsWeb". www.newsweb.no. Retrieved 7 January 2017.


  37. ^ "Opera browser sold to a Chinese consortium for $600 million". Engadget. Retrieved 19 May 2017.


  38. ^ Presto engine source code available on GitHub (2017)


  39. ^ Hachman, Mark (11 January 2017). "Meet Opera Neon, Opera's radical vision for the future of web browsers". PCWorld.


  40. ^ Muchmore, Michael (11 January 2017). "Opera Neon". PC Magazine.


  41. ^ ab "5 features Opera Browser did first". SlashGeek. Retrieved 5 October 2016.


  42. ^ ab Reimer, Jeremy (1 September 2009). "First look: Opera 10 faster with new features". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  43. ^ "Opera version history". Opera. Retrieved 29 February 2016. Opera has a history of introducing new features long before they become mainstream, and often failing to receive credit for doing so. Opera was the first browser to [...]


  44. ^ "Help, Fast browsing". Opera Software. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  45. ^ "Help, View webpages". Opera Software. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  46. ^ ab "Opera's company FAQ". Opera Software. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  47. ^ "Opera Turbo". Opera Software. Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.


  48. ^ "Samsung Gear S now features a full web browser". CompareSmartwatches.com. Retrieved 8 October 2014.


  49. ^ abc "Help, Be safe and private". Opera Software. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  50. ^ Kerner, Sean Michael (9 January 2007). "Mozilla Takes Aim at Opera Security". Internetnews.com. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  51. ^ Kerner, Sean Michael (10 January 2007). "Opera Has Words For Mozilla". Internetnews.com. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  52. ^ "Free VPN". Opera.com. Retrieved 18 March 2017.


  53. ^ "Opera Free VPN - Unlimited WiFi Security & Content Unblocking - Free VPN for online security, unblocking content and encrypting your web traffic". Opera VPN. 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.


  54. ^ Opera Settings > VPN: "Enabling VPN will disable Opera Turbo"


  55. ^ https://www.cnet.com/news/opera-browser-raises-115-million-in-initial-public-offering/


  56. ^ https://invidio.us/watch/?v=aq5yJ0TqhbY


  57. ^ https://archive.is/EDjGJ


  58. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch/?v=aq5yJ0TqhbY


  59. ^ Meyer, Eric (June 1999). "CSS: If not now, when?". meyerweb.com. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  60. ^ "What is Opera, Opera next, and Opera developer?". Opera Desktop Team Blog. Retrieved 16 September 2014.


  61. ^ "Opera Developer official page". Opera Software. Retrieved 20 November 2013.


  62. ^ "Opera beta". Opera Software ASA. Retrieved 9 November 2014.


  63. ^ "Desktop & Tablet Browser Market Share Worldwide November 2018" (csv). statcounter.com. Dublin: Statcounter. Retrieved 10 December 2018.


  64. ^ "Powered by Opera: Opera Integrated with Adobe Creative Suite 2" (Press release). Opera Software. 4 April 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  65. ^ Goldman, Daniel (3 May 2007). "Dreamweaver uses Opera's Small-Screen Rendering technology to preview webpages for mobile phones". Opera Watch. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  66. ^ "Design Web Pages for the Desktop and Mobile Devices" (Press release). Virtual Mechanics Inc. 17 November 2008. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  67. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 May 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  68. ^ Stieben, Danny (24 May 2012). "5 Ideological Reasons Why You Should Try Opera". makeuseof.com. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  69. ^ Mason, Wesley (16 March 2000). "Software Review: Opera browser for Windows v3.62". Geek.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.


  70. ^ Berger, Sandy (3 November 2004). "Opera Web Browser". CompuKiss. Archived from the original on 12 November 2004. Retrieved 6 September 2010.


  71. ^ Altman, Tim (31 August 2007). "Focus Areas during Kestrel Development". Opera Desktop Team. Opera Software. Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2010.


  72. ^ Dotzler, Asa (4 September 2007). "Firefox and more". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2010.


  73. ^ "Browser JavaScript Explained". Opera Software. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  74. ^ "Changelog for Opera 8.01 for Windows". Opera Software. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  75. ^ Harac, Ian (9 December 2013). "Opera 18 review: This browser's seen radical changes… perhaps too radical". PC World. IDG. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  76. ^ Samson, Ted. "Blink-based Opera 15 strikes a sour note with users". InfoWorld. IDG. Retrieved 29 July 2013.


  77. ^ Mathews, Lee (2 July 2013). "Opera 15 launches, turns out to be a crippled Google Chrome". geek.com. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  78. ^ Keizer, Gregg. "Opera 15 launches with WebKit backbone". Computer World. Retrieved 29 July 2013.


  79. ^ Le Bihan, Alan (26 May 2014). "A browser that's free, comprehensive and innovative". Softonic.com. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  80. ^ Piccolomini, Pier Francesco (5 September 2013). "5 Alternatives to Internet Explorer". Softonic.com. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  81. ^ Hughes, Matthew (6 August 2013). "Opera 15 Is A Faster, Simpler Chrome, And Here Are 3 Great Reasons To Try It". Makeuseof.com. Retrieved 12 June 2014.


  82. ^ "Awards". Opera Software. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  83. ^ "Web Browsers Poll Results". About.com. 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  84. ^ Orgera, Scott (2010). "The 2010 Reader's Choice Awards Winners: Web Browsers". About.com. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  85. ^ "Webware 100 2009". Webware.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2014.


  86. ^ "Welcome to Webware 100 Awards 2008". 2008. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2014.



External links




  • Official website










-

Popular posts from this blog

用户:Ww71338ww/绘画

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP 你好～！欢迎来到萌娘百科！ 如果您是第一次来到这里，点这里加入萌娘百科! 欢迎具有翻译能力的同学～有意者请点→Category:需要翻译的条目← 如果您在萌娘百科上发现某些内容 错误/空缺 ，请 勇于 修正/添加！ 编辑萌娘百科其实很容易！ 觉得萌娘百科有趣的话，请推荐给朋友哦...
Read more

自由群

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP 由兩個元素a, b 生成的自由群的凱萊圖 在數學中，一個群 Gdisplaystyle G 被稱作 自由群 ，如果存在 Gdisplaystyle G 的子集 Sdisplaystyle S 使得 Gdisplaystyle G 的任何元素都能唯一地表成由 Sdisplaystyle S 中元素及其逆元組成之乘積（在此不論平庸的表法，例如 st−1=su−1ut−1displaystyle st^-1=su^-1ut^-1 之類）；此時也稱 Gdisplaystyle G 為集合 Sdisplaystyle S 上的 自由群 ，其群...
Read more

卑爾根

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP 卑尔根 Bergen 城市 Kommune av Bergen 旗幟 徽章 卑爾根在霍达兰郡的位置 卑尔根 卑爾根在挪威的位置 坐标： 60°22′N 05°24′E  /  60.367°N 5.400°E  / 60.367; 5.400 坐标： 60°22′N 05°24′E  /  60.367°N 5.400°E  / 60.367; 5.400 國家   挪威 郡 霍达兰郡 建立 1070年之前 政府  • 市長 Marita Moltu （KrF） 面积  • 城市 464.71 平方公里（179.43 平方英里）  • 陸地...
Read more