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National Parliament Jatiya Sangsad জাতীয় সংসদ
10th Parliament
Seal of the Sangsad
Flag of the Sangsad
Type
Type	Unicameral
Term limits	5 years
History
Founded	7 March 1973 (45 years ago) (1973-03-07)
Preceded by	Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh
Leadership
Speaker	Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury[1] (AL) Since 30 April 2013
Deputy Speaker	Fazle Rabbi Miah (AL) Since 29 January 2014
Leader of the House	Sheikh Hasina (AL) Since 6 January 2014
Deputy Leader of the House	Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury (AL) Since 14 January 2014
Leader of the Opposition	Rowshan Ershad (JP) Since 9 January 2014
Structure
Seats	350 (1 vacant)
Political groups	Government coalition (293)      AL (275)      WPB (7)      JSD (6)      JP (M) (2)      BTF (2)      BNF (1) Opposition Parties (56)      JP (E) (40)      Independent (16)
Elections
Voting system	Mixed member majoritarian (First past the post for 300 seats, 50 seats reserved for women distributed by proportional representation)
Last election	5 January 2014
Next election	30 December 2018
Meeting place
Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban, Sher-e-Bangla Nagor, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Website
http://www.parliament.gov.bd/

Bangladesh
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Bangladesh
Constitution and law Constitution (Amendments) Law of Bangladesh Human rights Article 70 Judicial review Legitimate expectation
Government President: Abdul Hamid Legislature Jatiya Sangsad  (Parliament) Speaker: Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury Leader of the House: Sheikh Hasina Leader of the Opposition: Rowshan Ershad Executive Prime Minister: Sheikh Hasina Cabinet: Hasina III Taxation Agencies Civil Service Local governments Judiciary Supreme Court Appellate Division High Court Division District courts Metropolitan courts Chief Justice: Syed Mahmud Hossain Attorney General: Mahbubey Alam
Administrative geography Divisions (bibhag) Districts (zilas) Sub-districts (upazilas) Village councils/cities and towns
Elections Parliamentary constituencies Election commission Recent elections: 2008 2014 2018 Political parties Awami League Nationalist Party National coalitions Grand Alliance 18 Party Alliance
Foreign policy Foreign relations Bengali Embassies Embassies in Bangladesh Bengali diaspora
Other countries Atlas
v t e

The Jatiya Sangsad ("National Parliament"; Bengali: জাতীয় সংসদ Jatiyô Sôngsôd), often referred to simply as the Sangsad or JS and also known as the House of the Nation,^[2] is the supreme legislative body of Bangladesh. The current parliament of Bangladesh contains 350^[2] seats, including 50 seats reserved for women, which are apportioned on elected party position in the parliament. Elected occupants are called members of parliament or MP. The 10th National Parliamentary Election was held on 5 January 2014. Elections are held every five years unless the parliament is dissolved before that time.^[3]

The leader of the party (or alliance of parties) holding the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, and the head of the government. The President of Bangladesh, the ceremonial head of state, is chosen by Parliament. Since the December 2008 national election, the current majority party is the Bangladesh Awami League. It is led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.

Etymology

The Constitution of Bangladesh designates the official name of the legislature Jatiya Sangsad (জাতীয় সংসদ) in Bengali and House of the Nation in English. The term Sangsad (Bengali pronunciation: [ˈbːsɔŋsɔdɔ]), a Bengali word for "The Parliament", is derives from the Sanskrit word Sansad (lit. the gathering or assembly). The Bengali word Jatiya means National, hence, the name Jatiya Sangsad translates to National Parliament. The legislature is commonly known as Parliament and often referred to simply as the Sangsad or JS.

The term "Member of Parliament" (Bengali: সংসদ সদস্য; Sansada sadasya) refers to both the 300 elected members and the 50 nominated women members of the Sangsad. The title is almost always shortened to the initialism "MP" and often referred to simply as the Sānsada (Bengali: সাংসদ; lit. the Parliamentarian) in Bengali. Members of Parliament are entitled to use the prefix "The Honourable".

History

The Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh was established in 10 April 1972 after the Bangladesh Liberation War to prepare a democratic constitution and served as its first Parliament as an independent nation. The Assembly approved the Constitution on November 4, 1972, and it took effect on December 16^[4] and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of Bangladesh until the first elections under the new Constitution took place in 1973.

Until 10 July 1981 the Constituent Assembly, the first and second Parliament held their sittings in the building that now houses the Prime Minister's Office and which is often referred as the old Sangsad Bhaban (old Parliament House). The opening ceremony of the present Parliament House was performed on 15 February 1982. The last session of the second Parliament was held in the new house on 15 February 1982.^[5]

Constituencies

The maximum strength of the Parliament envisaged by the Constitution of Bangladesh is 350, which is made up by election of up to 300 members to represent 300 parliamentary constituencies and 50 seats reserved for women, which are apportioned on elected party position in the parliament. The electoral districts are referred to as "Nirbācanī ēlākā" (Bengali: নির্বাচনী এলাকা) in Bengali, which can be literally translated to English as "electoral area" though the official English translation for the term is "constituency". The term "Nirbācanī ēlākā" is used while referring to an electoral district in general. The constituencies are arranged as to coincide with the administrative Districts of Bangladesh, distributed among the proportion to their population. Number may various from 2-20 member every districts. The seats are indicated as Districts.xxx (e.g. Panchagarh-1 or Jessore-6). When referring to a particular legislatorial constituency, it is simply referred to as the name of the Constituency with, in Bengali (e.g.-'Panchagarh-1' or simply 'Seat:1' Constituency). Each constituency is represented by a single member of Parliament, and is elected by the first-past-the-post system.

Membership

Article 66 of the Constitution makes membership open to any citizen of Bangladesh and only to citizens above the age of 25 (dual citizenship is possible for civilians in Bangladesh, but not for MPs).^[6]

Members are elected by direct polls in their respective constituencies. Whoever wins the most votes, regardless of turnout or proportion, wins the election. Members are elected for a term of 5 years;^[6] the entire Parliament dissolves 5 years after the swear-in. Members can be re-elected indefinitely. They may be independent or affiliated with a political party.

Members must not have served time in prison for more than 2 years to be eligible, unless they served this period five years prior to the elections.^[6]

Article 67^[6] states that members absent without leave for 90 consecutive sitting days will lose their membership. Any ambiguity regarding membership will be resolved by the Bangladesh Election Commission. Attending sessions without being a member (even if memberships are cancelled in retrospect) is fined by a BDT1,000 ($14) fine per day, per Article 69.^[6]

Floor crossing

Article 70 of the Constitution makes floor crossing illegal.^[6][7] Members engaging in floor crossing lose their membership.^[6]

Floor crossing is described in the Constitution as:^[6]

• Resignation from the political party that nominated the member,


• Voting against the nominating party, or


• Abstaining from voting, either by abstention or absence, against the directive of the party Whip.

The only case of floor crossing in Bangladesh was when majority members M.A. Mannan and Mahi B. Chowdhury defected from the Bangladesh National Party to form a new party, Bikolpo Dhara.^[8] Fresh by-elections were held soon after the seats were vacated. Mahi B. Chowdhury retained his seat under the new party, whereas Mannan failed.

Debate about the provision

As most candidates are elected by the funding, support and brand name of the party, resignation from the party is considered to void the choice of the people.^[7] The prime objective of banning floor crossing is to prevent members from joining other parties for personal gains.^[7] This is crucial in marginal majorities, where a few majority members voting against the majority essentially changes the government party in power.^[7]

The ban on floor crossing stunts the members from speaking out against bad policies pitched by their party.^[7] This is considered harmful for parliamentary democracy, as the ban forces members to agree with their party leaders regardless of their own opinions or the opinions of their constituents.^[7]

Double membership

Article 71 of the Constitution allows eligible people to be candidates in more than one constituency.^[6] However, if elected from multiple seats, the member must vacate all but one seat.^[9]

It is usually the custom for prominent politicians, especially party leaders.^[10] During the last election Awami League leader Sheikh Hasina, prominent AL figure (and later President of Bangladesh) Zillur Rahman, BNP leader Khaleda Zia and Jatiya Party leader H M Ershad all were candidates in the maximum possible number of constituencies.^[9]

Powers and rights

The President of Bangladesh appoints a cabinet with the Prime Minister and other ministers from among the Members.^[6] The Prime Minister must be a parliamentarian, and so must at least 90% of the Ministers.^[11][12] The President must appoint a Prime Minister who, in his opinion, commands the confidence of the majority of the House.^[12] The cabinet remains answerable to the Parliament.^[6]

The President of Bangladesh is elected by the Parliament through open ballot voting.^[13] As a result, the opposition party seldom nominates a candidate and the governing party nominee is uncontested. Current President Abdul Hamid and previous presidents Zillur Rahman,^[14]Iajuddin Ahmed,^[15]A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury^[16] and Shahabuddin Ahmed^[17] were all elected unopposed. The Parliament can also impeach the President by a two-thirds majority.^[6]

The Parliament can form parliamentary standing committees as it sees fit, for the purposes of examining bills, reviewing law enforcements and any other matter of public importance.^[6] The de facto power of the committees have always been nominal; the de jure power too is ambiguous,^[18] especially after the Supreme Court ruled that it was not answerable to summons from parliamentary committees.^[19]

Parliament is generally regarded as a rubber stamp body as MPs cannot cross the floor, have free votes, or pass motions of no confidence due to Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh. Political scientists, judges in the Supreme Court, public intellectuals, newspapers and journalists, civil rights activists and members of parliament have demanded reform of the article. Critics argue Article 70 tramples freedom of speech and freedom of conscience in parliament, in violation of the constitution's fundamental rights. Additionally, it significantly limits the checks and balances on the Prime Minister's power, as there are few means by which s/he can be legally dismissed.

Article 78 of the Constitution provides immunity for the speeches, actions and votes of the Members done within parliamentary sessions, and members are not answerable for any such actions to the court.^[6] The parliament itself is vested with the power to provide indemnity to anybody in service of the nation under Article 46.^[6] This allowed the 2nd parliament in 1979 to ratify the Indemnity Ordinance that provided indemnity to the murderers of Sheikh Mujib.

Past parliamentary election results

Organisation

Parliamentary groups

The parliamentary groups of the Jatiya Sangsad are groups of Members of parliament organized by political party or by coalition of parties. The leadership of each groups consists of a parliamentary party leader, deputy leader, whips and a parliamentary working committee. The size of a group determines the extent of its representation on legislative committees, the time slots allotted for speaking, the number of committee chairs it can hold, and its representation in executive bodies of the parliament.^[20]

• Current Composition
  
  • Government coalition
    
    • 
      Leader of the House; the post is usually held by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh
      
    
    
    • Deputy Leader of the House
    
    
    • Chief Whip
    
    
    • Six Whips
    
    
  
  
  • Official Opposition
    
    • Leader of the Opposition
    
    
    • Chief Whip of the Opposition
    
    
  
  

Executive bodies

The Parliament executive bodies include the Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad, the House Committee and Parliament Secretariat. The House Committee consists of the Parliament Speaker, Deputy Speaker and Whips. Every major political party appoints a whip who is responsible for the party's discipline and behaviour on the floor of the house. The Committee is the coordination hub, determining the daily legislative agenda and assigning committee chairpersons based on Parliamentary group representation. The Parliament Secretariat, headed by a Senior Secretary, is in charge of all its administrative duties, including its clerical, broadcasting and information activities.

• Current Composition:
  
  • Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad
  
  
  • Deputy Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad
  
  
  • House Committee
  
  
  • Parliament Secretariat
  
  

Committees

Most of the legislative work in the Parliament is done in the standing committees, which exist largely unchanged throughout one legislative period. The Parliament has a number of committees, with small numbers of Members appointed to deal with particular topics or issues. The Committee on Ministry (CoM) are committees which are set down under the Parliament's standing orders. The number of Committee on Ministry (CoM) approximates the number of Ministries of Bangladesh, and the titles of each are roughly similar (e.g., defense, agriculture, and labor). There are, as of the current tenth Parliament, 50 standing committees.^[21] The distribution of committee chairs and the membership of each committee reflect the relative strength of the various Parliamentary groups in the house.

• Current Committees:
  
  • Committee on Estimates
  
  
  • Committee on Government Assurances
  
  
  • Standing Committee on Public Accounts
  
  
  • Library Committee
  
  
  • Committee on Petitions
  
  
  • Committee on Private Member's Bills and Resolutions
  
  
  • Standing Committee of Privileges
  
  
  • House Committee
  
  
  • Business Advisory Committee
  
  
  • Standing Committee on Rules of Procedure
  
  
  • Committee on Public Undertakings
  
  
  • 39 Committee on Ministry (CoM)
  
  

Structures

Parliament House

The parliament is housed in the Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban (জাতীয় সংসদ ভবন Jatiyô Sôngsôd Bhôbôn), located at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in the Bangladeshi capital of Dhaka. Designed by the American architect, Louis Kahn, the building is one of the largest legislative complexes in the world, comprising 200 acres (800,000 m²).^[22][23] Louis Kahn designed the entire Jatiya Sangsad complex, which includes lawns, lake and residences for the Members of the Parliament (MPs). The main building, which is at the center of the complex, is divided into three parts – the Main Plaza, South Plaza and Presidential Plaza.

Sangsad Library

The Sangsad Library or Parliament Library claims to be the richest libraries in Bangladesh, holding over 85,000 books and many more reports, parliamentary debates, government gazettes, journals, magazines and newspapers. The Library is housed in Sangsad Bhaban in Sher e Bangla Nagar, Dhaka. The Library was established in 1972, after the immediate formation of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh to support the lawmakers and their staff. The Library is administered by the Parliamentary Librarian, a statutory officer responsible for the control and management of the facility, reporting to the Deputy Speaker and the Library Committee. Although the Library is open to the public, only current and former members of Parliament, secretariat staff, and authorized researchers may check out books and materials.

Sangsad Television

The Sangsad Bangladesh Television (publicly known as Sangsad TV) is a digital television channel in Bangladesh. It broadcasts parliamentary activity following its establishment under a Broadcasting Act 2011. Prior to the establishment of the Sangsad TV, the Sangsad's programming was produced by the Ministry of Information and relayed in its Bangladesh Television.

See also

• Politics of Bangladesh


• List of legislatures by country

Notes

• 
  Sirajul Islam, ed. (2012). "Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh" (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
  


• 
  Pranab Kumar Panday (2013). Women’s Political Participation in Bangladesh: Institutional Reforms, Actors and Outcomes. Springer India. ISBN 978-81-322-1271-3.
  


• 
  "Parliament Member of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Affairs.
  

References

External links

• Official website