United Launch Alliance

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United Launch Alliance
Type

Private
Industry
Aerospace
Founded
December 1, 2006; 11 years ago (2006-12-01)
Headquarters
Centennial, Colorado, USA
Key people

Tory Bruno (CEO)
Products
Atlas V, Delta IV
Number of employees

3,400[1]
Website
ulalaunch.com

United Launch Alliance (ULA) is a provider of spacecraft launch services to the United States government. It was formed as a joint venture between Lockheed Martin Space Systems and Boeing Defense, Space & Security in December 2006 by combining the teams at the two companies. U.S. government launch customers include the Department of Defense and NASA, as well as other organizations. With ULA, Lockheed and Boeing held a monopoly on military launches for more than a decade until the US Air Force awarded a GPS satellite contract to SpaceX in 2016.[2]


ULA provides launch services using two expendable launch systems – Delta IV and Atlas V. The Atlas and Delta launch system families have been used for more than 50 years to carry a variety of payloads including weather, telecommunications and national security satellites, as well as deep space and interplanetary exploration missions in support of scientific research. ULA also provides launch services for non-government satellites: Lockheed Martin retains the rights to market Atlas commercially.[3]


Beginning in October 2014, ULA announced that they intended to undertake a substantial restructuring of the company, its products and processes, in the coming years in order to decrease launch costs. ULA is planning on building a new rocket that will be a successor to the Atlas V, using a new rocket engine on the first stage. In April 2015, they unveiled the new vehicle as the Vulcan, with the first flight of a new first stage planned for no earlier than 2020.[4]




Contents





  • 1 History

    • 1.1 Formation of the joint venture


    • 1.2 Company restructuring after 2014



  • 2 Launch vehicles

    • 2.1 Next Generation Launcher - Vulcan



  • 3 Facilities


  • 4 Launches


  • 5 Controversy


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links




History




ULA's headquarters building in Centennial, Colorado



Formation of the joint venture


Boeing and Lockheed Martin announced their intent to form the United Launch Alliance joint venture on May 2, 2005.[5] ULA merged the production and operation of the government space launch services of the two companies into one central plant in Decatur, Alabama, and merged all engineering into another central facility in Littleton, Colorado. Marketing and sales responsibilities for the Delta and Atlas launch vehicles was retained by the parent companies.[6]


Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Delta IV and Lockheed Martin Space Systems Atlas V are both launchers developed for the late-1990s US government Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program intended to provide the government with competitively priced,[citation needed] assured access to space.


ULA had a peak of seven space launch facilities during 2005–2011. It announced a consolidation to five in 2008 with the intent to close two of its three Delta II pads,[7]
and closed the two-pad launch complex at Cape Canaveral after its final Delta II launch in 2011.[8]


SpaceX challenged the United States antitrust law legality of the launch services monopoly on October 23, 2005, creating a competition with reusable launch systems.[9]
The FTC gave their anti-trust clearance on October 3, 2006.[10]


Two years following company formation from units of Lockheed Martin and Boeing, ULA announced it would lay off 350 workers in early 2009, reducing from a company-wide employment of 4200 employees in 2008.[11] In the event, ULA had approximately 3900 employees by August 2009.[12]


In November 2010, United Launch Alliance was selected by NASA for consideration for potential contract awards for heavy lift launch vehicle system concepts, and propulsion technologies.[13]


It was announced in August 2014 that Michael Gass, ULA CEO since ULA was founded in 2006, would step down immediately and that he would be replaced by Tory Bruno, effective immediately.[14]


In September 2014, it was announced that the firm had won a contract from the United States Air Force for US$938 million for additional work on military rocket launch services related to its existing contracts with the US Air Force.[15]


ULA announced in February 2015 that they are considering undertaking domestic production of the Russian RD-180 engine at the Decatur, Alabama rocket stage manufacturing facility. The US-manufactured engines would be used only for government civil (NASA) or commercial launches, and would not be used for US military launches.[16][needs update]


Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings Inc submitted a $2 billion offer to purchase the joint venture on September 8, 2015.[17] According to industry officials, the bid, if successful, would likely create a unified leadership for the company.[18] On September 16, 2015, spokesperson Todd Blecher for joint owner Boeing commented that Aerojet Rocketdyne's bid was never "seriously entertained" and rejected the offer.[19][20]



Company restructuring after 2014


In October 2014, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce in order to decrease launch costs by half. One of the reasons given for the restructuring and new cost reduction goals was competition from SpaceX. ULA intends to have preliminary design ideas in place for a blending of the Atlas V and Delta IV technology by the end of 2014, to build a successor that will allow them to cut launch costs in half.[21]
The restructuring is intended to facilitate ULA's shift into providing widespread access to space, and growing the customer base to include significant commercial customers in addition to the principally US government customers of ULA's first decade. CEO Tory Bruno stated in November 2014 that he intends to transform the company and reorganize it "to make it more agile, and establish new business models to adapt to the new environment. These changes will lead to improvements in how ULA interacts with its customers, both governmental and commercial, shorter launch cycles, and launch costs cut in half again."[22]
ULA intends to shrink the number of company launch pads from six in 2008 and five in 2015 to only two by 2021 as they ramp down the legacy Atlas V and Delta IV launch vehicles.[7]


In May 2015, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial and civil satellite launch orders to offset an expected slump in U.S. military and spy launches.[23] The same month, ULA announced it would decrease its executive ranks by 30 percent in December 2015, with the layoff of 12 executives. The management layoffs are the "beginning of a major reorganization and redesign" as ULA endeavours to "slash costs and hunt out new customers to ensure continued growth despite the rise of SpaceX".[24][25]


In January 2018, ULA took over marketing and sales responsibilities for Atlas V launches. Previously, since the formation of ULA in 2006, ULA had handled the operational side of the launch services but Boeing continued to market Delta launch services and Lockheed Martin continued to market Atlas launch services.[26]
ULA has been the major launch service provider to the US "military market since its creation in 2006 as a 50-50 joint venture between Lockheed Martin and Boeing."[6]
"ULA no longer has a monopoly in national security space launches and near-term demand for such launches is expected to soften" according to the Lexington Institute.[6]


The final launch of the Delta II was undertaken by the company on 15 September 2018, after which the rocket was retired.[27]



Launch vehicles




Delta IV Medium 4.2+ (with GOES-N) on launch pad.jpgUSA-224 launch.jpgSDOs Atlas V lifted off.jpgAtlas V(551) New Horizons.jpg

United Launch Alliance fleet: left to right, Delta IV, Delta IV Heavy, Atlas V 400-series, Atlas V 500-series


United Launch Alliance currently operates the following launch vehicles:


  • Atlas V

  • Delta IV

  • Delta IV Heavy


Next Generation Launcher - Vulcan


ULA began in 2014 developing a new launch vehicle known as Vulcan for the purpose of replacing both their previous missions, Atlas V and the Delta program.


In the meanwhile, Boeing and Lockheed Martin are increasing their investments in the new rocket technology for a duration of one-quarter at a time, so that long-term development is not affected by their current corporate priorities. [28][29]


United Launch Alliance has further stated, back in 2015, that they must win both "commercial and civil space flight contracts" in addition to US government military missions, or they would be forced to go out of business. [23]


The ten-year development timeline of the launch vehicles also includes the new second stage Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage or ACES, that is not planned to be launched any time prior to year 2023. [30][31]



Facilities


ULA program management, engineering, test and mission support functions are headquartered in Centennial, Colorado. Manufacturing, assembly and integration operations are located in two buildings, one at Decatur, Alabama, and the other in Harlingen, Texas.[11][1]


ULA launches from both coasts of the United States, depending on the customer's desired orbit. East coast Atlas V launches take place from Launch Complex 41 while east coast Delta IV launches take place from Launch Complex 37. Both are located in Cape Canaveral, Florida. West coast launches take place from Vandenberg Air Force Base in southern California,[11] using launch complex 6 for Delta IV, and SLC-3E for Atlas V launches.


ULA has announced plans to reduce the number of launch pads in use from five in 2015 to only two by 2021, as part of overall company restructuring and the transition from the legacy Atlas V and Delta IV launch vehicles and to a next-generation launch vehicle (NGLS).[7]



Launches


Main articles: List of Atlas launches and List of Thor and Delta launches

Commercial and international launches aboard Atlas V and Delta rockets are managed by Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services and Boeing Launch Services, respectively.


The first launch conducted by ULA was of a Delta II, from Vandenberg Air Force Base on December 14, 2006.[32] The rocket carried the USA 193 satellite for the National Reconnaissance Office. This satellite failed shortly after launch and was intentionally destroyed on February 21, 2008 by an SM-3 missile fired from the Ticonderoga class cruiser USS Lake Erie.[33]


On June 15, 2007, the engine in the Centaur upper stage of a ULA-launched Atlas V shut down early, leaving its payload – a pair of NRO L-30 ocean surveillance satellites – in a lower than intended orbit.[34] Nonetheless, the mission was declared a success by the customer.[35]


On October 2, 2015 ULA successfully completed its 100th mission with the launch of Mexsat-2 (also known as Morelos III) from Cape Canaveral aboard an Atlas V.[36]


A launch of the Atlas V rocket on March 22, 2016 had a minor first-stage anomaly that led to shutdown of the first-stage engine approximately five seconds before anticipated. The anomaly forced the Centaur upper stage of the rocket to fire for approximately one minute longer than planned, using reserved fuel margin. The preplanned deorbit burn successfully deorbited the stage, but not precisely within the designated location. The anomaly marks the first Atlas V anomaly in over eight years to be publicly acknowledged by ULA.[37]


The company launched the final Delta II rocket, carrying ICESat-2 from Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-2 on 15 September 2018. This marks the last launch of a Delta family rocket based on the original Thor ICBM.[27]



Controversy




ULA claimed Launch Service Costs under the Block Buy (marketing publication)


With the introduction of competition from lower-cost launch providers and the increasing costs of ULA launches year-over-year, increased attention has been paid to the amounts ULA has received for US government launch contracts, and for its annual government funding of $1 billion for launch capability and readiness. In particular, an uncontested US Air Force block-buy of 36 rocket cores for up to 28 launches, valued at $11 billion, awarded in Dec 2013, drew protest from competitor SpaceX. SpaceX has claimed the cost of ULA's launches are approximately $460 million each, and has proposed a price of $90 million to provide similar launches.[38] In response, former ULA CEO Michael Gass claimed an average launch price of $225 million, with future launches as low as $100 million.[39]


ULA released contract values to the public and CEO Tory Bruno testified before Congress in March 2015 that whilst ULA receives government subsidies "to conduct national security launches" the same is true of SpaceX who receive funding "to develop new capabilities and the use of low- or no-cost leases of previously developed launch infrastructure".[40]


A political controversy arose in March 2016 following public remarks by ULA VP of Engineering, Brett Tobey, that included comments that were "resentful of SpaceX" and dismissive of one of the two competitors (Aerojet Rocketdyne) for the new engine that will power the Vulcan launch vehicle currently under development.[41]
Tobey resigned on March 16,[42]
while ULA CEO Tory Bruno disavowed the remarks.[43]Senator John McCain asked the Defense Department to investigate the comments that implied the DoD may have shown "favoritism to a major defense contractor or that efforts have been made to silence members of Congress"[44] and the Secretary of Defense has requested the Inspector General to open an investigation of the controversy.[45]


In June 2017 Ars Technica analyzed a US Air Force budget and concluded that if ULA would be selected for all the Air Force launches in year 2020 and 2021, the cost per launch would be on the order of $420 million.[46] ULA's CEO Tory Bruno described the analysis as "misleading"; in July the company was awarded $191 million single-launch contract to launch the STP-3 mission aboard the heavy-lift Atlas V 551.[47]



See also



  • Commercial Spaceflight Federation

  • NewSpace


  • United Space Alliance, A 1995 Boeing LM JV for Shuttle contracts


References




  1. ^ ab "Quick Facts". Retrieved 12 May 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "SpaceX breaks Boeing-Lockheed monopoly on military space launches". Reuters. 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2016-04-29.


  3. ^ Justin Ray (November 23, 2009). "Atlas 5 launches Intelsat communications satellite". Spaceflight Now.


  4. ^ "Jeff Foust on Twitter". twitter.com.


  5. ^ "About ULA". ULA. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2011-02-08.


  6. ^ abc
    Erwin, Sandra; Henry, Caleb (24 January 2018). "To stay competitive in the launch business, ULA courts commercial customers". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2018-06-25.


  7. ^ abc Butler, Amy (17 February 2015). "Aerospace Daily & Defense Report New Rocket, White Tails In ULA's Long-Term Strategy". Aviation Week. Retrieved 22 February 2015. [the] plan to field a new rocket engine with Blue Origin called the BE-4 is only step one of a larger strategic plan to take the company from a sole-source benefactor mentality to competing in a burgeoning commercial market. ... The Atlas V and Delta IV ... both have a limited future.


  8. ^ Graham, William (2 July 2014). "ULA Delta II successfully lofts OCO-2 to orbit". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 22 February 2015.


  9. ^ "Is SpaceX Undercutting the Competition Even More Than Anyone Thought?". Fortune Magazine. 2017-06-17.


  10. ^ (press release) (October 3, 2006). "FTC gives clearance to United Launch Alliance". Spaceflight Now.


  11. ^ abc "United Launch Alliance plans layoffs". Denver Business Journal. 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2014-11-16.


  12. ^ Avery, Greg (2009-08-05). "ULA seeks land for a combined HQ". Denver Business Journal. Retrieved 2014-11-16.


  13. ^ "NASA Selects Companies for Heavy-Lift Vehicle Studies". NASA. Retrieved 8 November 2010.


  14. ^ "United Launch Alliance Taps a Lockheed Executive To Replace CEO Gass". Space News. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-13.


  15. ^ Boeing-Lockheed venture wins $938 million in U.S. rocket launch deal. Reuters, 17 September 2014


  16. ^ Fleischauer, Eric (7 February 2015). "ULA's CEO talks challenges, engine plant plans for Decatur". Decatur Daily. Retrieved 9 February 2015.


  17. ^ Shalal, Andrea (8 September 2015). "Aerojet makes $2 billion offer for Lockheed-Boeing joint venture: sources". Reuters. Retrieved 9 September 2015.


  18. ^ Pasztor, Andy (8 September 2015). "Aerojet Bids About $2 Billion for Boeing-Lockheed Rocket Venture". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 September 2015.


  19. ^ Shalal, Andrea. "UPDATE 2-Boeing rejects Aerojet Rocketdyne bid for ULA launch venture". Reuters. Retrieved 16 September 2015.


  20. ^ Boeing rejects Aerojet Rocketdyne bid for ULA launch venture, accessed 2015-09-16.


  21. ^ Avery, Greg (2014-10-16). "ULA plans new rocket, restructuring to cut launch costs in half". Denver Business Journal. Retrieved 2014-11-14.


  22. ^ Delgado, Laura M. (2014-11-14). "ULA's Tory Bruno Vows To Transform Company". SpacePolicyOnline.com. Retrieved 2014-11-14.


  23. ^ ab "Lockheed-Boeing rocket venture needs commercial orders to survive". Yahoo News. 21 May 2015.


  24. ^ Shalal, Andrea (2015-05-15). "Lockheed-Boeing venture lays off 12 executives in major reorganization". Reuters. Retrieved 16 May 2015.


  25. ^ Shalal, Andrea (2015-05-21). "Lockheed-Boeing rocket venture needs commercial orders to survive". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2015-05-22. Retrieved 2015-05-22.


  26. ^
    "ULA assumes marketing and sales for Atlas V". Press. United Launch Alliance. 22 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-25. United Launch Alliance (ULA) announced today that it has assumed responsibility for the marketing and sales of Atlas V, the world’s most reliable launch vehicle, from Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services. In addition to performing all of the operational activities related to Atlas V launch services, as ULA has done since its formation in 2006, ULA now has the full authority to market and sell Atlas V launch services to commercial customers.


  27. ^ ab "Delta II concludes amazing legacy with ICESat-2 launch – NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2018-09-16.


  28. ^ Avery, Greg (2015-04-16). "The fate of United Launch Alliance and its Vulcan rocket may lie with Congress". Denver Business Journal. Retrieved 6 March 2016.


  29. ^ "AIRSHOW-Lockheed says rocket launch venture urgently needs U.S. law waiver". 2015-06-14. Retrieved 2016-03-06.


  30. ^ Gruss, Mike (13 April 2015). "ULA's Vulcan Rocket To be Rolled out in Stages". Space News. Retrieved 6 March 2016.


  31. ^ Butler, Amy (11 May 2015). "Industry Team Hopes To Resurrect Atlas V Post RD-180". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016.


  32. ^ "United Launch Alliance set for takeoff". Metro Denver EDC.


  33. ^ "DoD Succeeds In Intercepting Non-Functioning Satellite" (Press release). U.S. Department of Defense. February 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-09.


  34. ^ "NRO Shortfall May Delay Upcoming ULA Missions". Aviation Week.


  35. ^ "NRO L-30 Launch Update" (PDF). National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-17.


  36. ^ Graham, William (October 2, 2015). "ULA marks 100th mission – Atlas V launches with Morelos-3". NASAspaceflight.


  37. ^ Ray, Justin (24 March 2016). "Atlas 5 rocket forced to improvise during Tuesday's climb to orbit". SpaceFlight Now. Retrieved 24 March 2016.


  38. ^ "SpaceX launches protest of Air Force rocket contract". Defense Systems. Apr 2014.


  39. ^ "Responding to Critics, ULA Discloses Pricing Information". Space News. May 2014.


  40. ^ Bruno, Salvatore T. “Tory” (26 June 2015). ""Testimony to the House Committee on Armed Services"" (PDF). U.S. House of Representatives Document Repository. Office of the Clerk. Retrieved 23 September 2016.


  41. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (2016-03-16). "ULA intends to lower its costs, and raise its cool, to compete with SpaceX". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2016-03-19. A de facto monopoly was born with U.S. government blessing and with a series of lucrative U.S. government contracts whose principal goal was reliability and capability, not value for money.


  42. ^ deSelding, Peter B. (2016-03-17). "ULA VP resigns following remarks on company's competitive position, strategy". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2016-03-19.


  43. ^ Berger, Brian (2016-03-16). "ULA chief disavows his head engineer's take on Vulcan engine competition". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2016-03-19.


  44. ^ Berger, Brian (2016-03-18). "McCain calls for investigation of fired ULA executive's controversial comments". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2016-03-19.


  45. ^ Gould, Joe; Seligman, Laura (2016-03-18). "Carter Asks IG To Look Into 'Disturbing' ULA Exec Comments on McCain". Defense News. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
    [permanent dead link]


  46. ^ Berger, Eric (2017-06-15). "Air Force budget reveals how much SpaceX undercuts launch prices". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2017-06-16.


  47. ^ "Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Budget Estimates" (PDF). Saffm.hq.af.mil. May 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-11.




External links


  • United Launch Alliance site


  • Distributed Launch - Enabling Beyond LEO Missions, a ULA take on propellant depots and propellant-cargo launches, September 2015.


  • Launch Vehicle Recovery and Reuse[permanent dead link], AIAA paper, 2015.


  • Free CubeSat rideshares offered by ULA for Atlas V launches, November 2015.

  • Boeing, Lockheed Martin to Form Launch Services Joint Venture

  • FTC gives prelimanary clearance to United Launch Alliance

  • United Launch Alliance begins Operations


  • U.S. Rocket Supplier Looks to Break ‘Short Leash’, Wall Street Journal, 19 July 2015.









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