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United States Treasuries history compared to the Federal Funds Rate

2 to 10 year treasury yield spread

A United States Treasury security is a government debt instrument issued by the United States Department of the Treasury to finance government spending as an alternative to taxation. Treasury securities are often referred to simply as Treasuries. Since 2012 the management of government debt has been arranged by the Bureau of the Fiscal Service, succeeding the Bureau of the Public Debt.

There are four types of marketable treasury securities: Treasury bills, Treasury notes, Treasury bonds, and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS). There are also several types of non-marketable treasury securities including State and Local Government Series (SLGS), Government Account Series debt issued to government-managed trust funds, and savings bonds. All of the marketable Treasury securities are very liquid and are heavily traded on the secondary market. The non-marketable securities (such as savings bonds) are issued to subscribers and cannot be transferred through market sales.

Backing of US currency

Federal Reserve Banks are required to hold collateral equal in value to the Federal Reserve notes that the Federal Reserve Bank puts into circulation. This collateral is chiefly held in the form of U.S. Treasury debt and government-sponsored enterprise securities.^[1]

History

To finance the costs of World War I, the U.S. Government increased income taxes (see the War Revenue Act of 1917) and government debt, called war bonds. Traditionally, the government borrowed from other countries, but there were no other countries from which to borrow in 1917.^[2]

The Treasury raised funding throughout the war by selling $21.5 billion in 'Liberty bonds.' These bonds were sold at subscription where officials created coupon price and then sold it at par value. At this price, subscriptions could be filled in as little as one day, but usually remained open for several weeks, depending on demand for the bond.^[2]

After the war, the Liberty bonds were reaching maturity, but the Treasury was unable to pay each down fully with only limited budget surpluses. The resolution to this problem was to refinance the debt with variable short and medium-term maturities. Again the Treasury issued debt through fixed-price subscription, where both the coupon and the price of the debt were dictated by the Treasury.^[2]

The problems with debt issuance became apparent in the late 1920s. The system suffered from chronic over-subscription, where interest rates were so attractive that there were more purchasers of debt than supplied by the government. This indicated that the government was paying too much for debt. As government debt was undervalued, debt purchasers could buy from the government and immediately sell to another market participant at a higher price.^[2]

In 1929, the US Treasury shifted from the fixed-price subscription system to a system of auctioning where 'Treasury Bills' would be sold to the highest bidder. Securities were then issued on a pro rata system where securities would be allocated to the highest bidder until their demand was full. If more treasuries were supplied by the government, they would then be allocated to the next highest bidder. This system allowed the market, rather than the government, to set the price. On December 10, 1929, the Treasury issued its first auction. The result was the issuing of $224 million three-month bills. The highest bid was at 99.310 with the lowest bid accepted at 99.152.^[2]

Marketable securities

Directly issued by the United States government

Treasury bill

1969 $100,000 Treasury Bill

"Treasury bill" redirects here. Note that the Bank of England issues these in the United Kingdom.

Treasury bills (or T-bills) mature in one year or less. Like zero-coupon bonds, they do not pay interest prior to maturity; instead they are sold at a discount of the par value to create a positive yield to maturity.^[3]

Regular weekly T-Bills are commonly issued with maturity dates of 28 days (or 4 weeks, about a month), 91 days (or 13 weeks, about 3 months), 182 days (or 26 weeks, about 6 months), and 364 days (or 52 weeks, about 1 year). Treasury bills are sold by single-price auctions held weekly. Offering amounts for 13-week and 26-week bills are announced each Thursday for auction, usually at 11:30 a.m., on the following Monday and settlement, or issuance, on Thursday. Offering amounts for 4-week bills are announced on Monday for auction the next day, Tuesday, usually at 11:30 a.m., and issuance on Thursday. Offering amounts for 52-week bills are announced every fourth Thursday for auction the next Tuesday, usually at 11:30 am, and issuance on Thursday. Purchase orders at TreasuryDirect must be entered before 11:00 on the Monday of the auction. The minimum purchase, effective April 7, 2008, is $100. (This amount formerly had been $1,000.) Mature T-bills are also redeemed on each Thursday. Banks and financial institutions, especially primary dealers, are the largest purchasers of T-bills.

Like other securities, individual issues of T-bills are identified with a unique CUSIP number. The 13-week bill issued three months after a 26-week bill is considered a re-opening of the 26-week bill and is given the same CUSIP number. The 4-week bill issued two months after that and maturing on the same day is also considered a re-opening of the 26-week bill and shares the same CUSIP number. For example, the 26-week bill issued on March 22, 2007, and maturing on September 20, 2007, has the same CUSIP number (912795A27) as the 13-week bill issued on June 21, 2007, and maturing on September 20, 2007, and as the 4-week bill issued on August 23, 2007 that matures on September 20, 2007.

During periods when Treasury cash balances are particularly low, the Treasury may sell cash management bills (or CMBs). These are sold at a discount and by auction just like weekly Treasury bills. They differ in that they are irregular in amount, term (often less than 21 days), and day of the week for auction, issuance, and maturity. When CMBs mature on the same day as a regular weekly bill, usually Thursday, they are said to be on-cycle. The CMB is considered another reopening of the bill and has the same CUSIP. When CMBs mature on any other day, they are off-cycle and have a different CUSIP number.

Treasury bills are quoted for purchase and sale in the secondary market on an annualized discount percentage, or basis.
General calculation for the discount yield for Treasury bills is:^[4]

discount yield(%)=face value−purchase valueface value×360days till maturity×100%displaystyle textdiscount yield,(%)=frac textface value-textpurchase valuetextface valuetimes frac 360textdays till maturitytimes 100,%

Treasury note

This is the modern usage of Treasury note in the U.S.; for the earlier meanings, see Treasury Note (disambiguation).

1976 $5,000 Treasury note

Treasury notes (or T-notes) mature in two to ten years, have a coupon payment every six months, and have denominations of $1,000. In the basic transaction, one buys a $1,000 T-note for $950, collects interest of 3% per year over 10 years, which comes to $30 yearly, and at the end of the 10 years cashes it in for $1000. So, $950 over the course of 10 years becomes $1300.

T-notes and T-bonds are quoted on the secondary market at percentage of par in thirty-seconds of a point (n/32 of a point, for n = 1, 2, 3, …). Thus, for example, a quote of 95:07 on a note indicates that it is trading at a discount: $952.22 (i.e., 95 + 7/32%) for a $1,000 bond. (Several different notations may be used for bond price quotes. The example of 95 and 7/32 points may be written as 95:07, or 95-07, or 95'07, or decimalized as 95.21875.) Other notation includes a +, which indicates 1/64 points and a third digit may be specified to represent 1/256 points. Examples include 95:07+ which equates to (95 + 7/32 + 1/64) and 95:073 which equates to (95 + 7/32 + 3/256). Notation such as 95:073+ is not typically used.

The 10-year Treasury note has become the security most frequently quoted when discussing the performance of the U.S. government bond market and is used to convey the market's take on longer-term macroeconomic expectations.

Treasury bond

1979 $10,000 Treasury Bond

Treasury bonds (T-Bonds, or the long bond) have the longest maturity, from twenty years to thirty years. They have a coupon payment every six months like T-Notes, and are commonly issued with maturity of thirty years.

The U.S. Federal government suspended issuing 30-year Treasury bonds for four years from February 18, 2002 to February 9, 2006.^[5] As the U.S. government used budget surpluses to pay down Federal debt in the late 1990s,^[6] the 10-year Treasury note began to replace the 30-year Treasury bond as the general, most-followed metric of the U.S. bond market. However, because of demand from pension funds and large, long-term institutional investors, along with a need to diversify the Treasury's liabilities—and also because the flatter yield curve meant that the opportunity cost of selling long-dated debt had dropped—the 30-year Treasury bond was re-introduced in February 2006 and is now issued quarterly.^[7]

TIPS

Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (or TIPS) are the inflation-indexed bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. The principal is adjusted to the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the commonly used measure of inflation. When the CPI rises, the principal adjusts upward. If the index falls, the principal adjusts downwards.^[8] The coupon rate is constant, but generates a different amount of interest when multiplied by the inflation-adjusted principal, thus protecting the holder against the official inflation rate (as asserted by the CPI). TIPS were introduced in 1997.^[9] TIPS are currently offered in 5-year, 10-year and 30-year maturities.^[10]

Created by the financial industry

STRIPS

Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal Securities (or STRIPS) are T-Notes, T-Bonds and TIPS whose interest and principal portions of the security have been separated, or "stripped"; these may then be sold separately (in units of $100 face value) in the secondary market. The name derives from the days before computerization, when paper bonds were physically traded; traders would literally tear the interest coupons off of paper securities for separate resale.

The government does not directly issue STRIPS; they are formed by investment banks or brokerage firms, but the government does register STRIPS in its book-entry system. STRIPS must be purchased through a broker, and cannot be purchased from TreasuryDirect.

STRIPS are used by the Treasury and split into individual principal and interest payments, which get resold in the form of zero-coupon bonds. Because they then pay no interest, there is not any interest to re-invest, and so there is no reinvestment risk with STRIPS.

Nonmarketable securities

Zero-Percent Certificate of Indebtedness

The "Certificate of Indebtedness" (C of I) is a Treasury security that does not earn any interest and has no fixed maturity. It can only be held in a TreasuryDirect account and bought or sold directly through the Treasury. It is intended to be used as a source of funds for traditional Treasury security purchases. Purchases and redemptions can be made at any time.^[11]

Government Account Series

Government Account Series Treasurys (GAS) are the principal form of intragovernmental debt holdings.^[12]

U.S. savings bonds

Savings bonds were created to finance World War II. Unlike Treasury Bonds, they are not marketable. In 2002, the Treasury Department started changing the savings bond program by lowering interest rates and closing its marketing offices.^[13] As of January 1, 2012, financial institutions no longer sell paper savings bonds.^[14] The annual (calendar year) purchase limit for electronic Series EE and Series I savings bonds is $10,000 for each series. The limit is applied per Social Security Number (SSN) or Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). For paper Series I Savings Bonds purchased through IRS tax refunds (see below), the purchase limit is $5,000 per SSN, which is in addition to the online purchase limit.^[15]

Series EE

$1,000 Series EE savings bond featuring Benjamin Franklin

Series EE bonds reach maturity (double in value) 20 years from issuance though they continue to earn interest for a total of 30 years. Interest accrues monthly and is paid when the holder cashes the bond. For bonds issued before May 2005 the rate of interest is recomputed every six months at 90% of the average five-year Treasury yield for the preceding six months. Bonds issued in May 2005 or later pay a fixed interest rate for the life of the bond (0.10% in November 2016).^[16] At 0.10%, a $100 bond would be worth about $102 just before 20 years, but will be adjusted to the maturity value of $200 at 20 years (giving it an effective rate of 3.5%) then continue to earn the fixed rate for 10 more years. In the space of a decade, interest dropped from well over 5% to 0.7% for new bonds in 2009.^[17] Paper EE bonds, last sold in 2011, were issued with a face value of twice their purchase price, so a $100 bond could be bought for $50, but would not be worth $100 until maturity.

Series I

1975 ad for U.S. saving bonds.

Series I bonds have a variable yield based on inflation. The interest rate consists of two components: the first is a fixed rate which will remain constant over the life of the bond. The second component is a variable rate reset every six months from the time the bond is purchased based on the current inflation rate. New rates are published on May 1 and November 1 of every year.^[18] The fixed rate is determined by the Treasury Department (0.00% in May 2017); the variable component is based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) from a six-month period ending one month prior to the reset time (0.98% in May 2017, reflecting the CPI-U from September to March, published in mid-April, for an effective annual inflation rate of 1.96%).^[16] As an example, if someone purchases a bond in February, they will lock in the current fixed rate forever, but the inflation component will be based on the rate published the previous November. In August, six months after the purchase month, the inflation component will now change to the rate that was published in May while the fixed rate remains locked. Interest accrues monthly, in full, on the first day of the month (i.e., a Savings Bond will have the same value on July 1 as on July 31, but on August 1 its value will increase for the August interest accrual). The fixed portion of the rate has varied from as much as 3.6% to 0%. During times of deflation (during part of 2009 and again in 2015), the negative inflation portion can wipe out the return of the fixed portion, but the combined rate cannot go below 0% and the bond will not lose value.^[18]

Besides being available for purchase online, taxpayers may purchase I-bonds using a portion of their tax refund via IRS Form 8888 Allocation of Refund. Bonds purchased using Form 8888 are issued as paper bonds and mailed to the address listed on the tax return. Taxpayers may purchase bonds for themselves or other persons such as children or grandchildren. The remainder of the taxpayer's refund may be received by direct deposit or check.^[19]

Series HH

Series HH bonds have been discontinued. Unlike Series EE and I bonds, they do not increase in value, but pay interest every six months for 20 years. When they are cashed in or mature they are still worth face value. Issuance of Series HH bonds ended August 31, 2004.^[20][21]

Holdings

Domestic

For the quantitative easing policy, the Federal Reserve holdings of U.S. Treasuries increased from $750 billion in 2007 to over $1.7 trillion as of end-March 2013.^[22] On September 13, 2012, in an 11-to-1 vote, the Federal Reserve announced they were also buying $45 billion in long-term Treasuries each month on top of the $40 billion a month in mortgage-backed securities. The program is called QE3 because it is the Fed's third try at quantitative easing.^[23] The result is that an enormous proportion of the US debt is actually owed from the Treasury to the Federal Reserve; according to a 1947 law, the Federal Reserve must return this money to the Treasury each year, after expenses.

After the Federal Reserve buys Treasury securities on the open market as part of the QE program (as it is prohibited from buying them directly from the US Treasury at auction), the Federal Reserve receives its interest thereafter, instead of the private sector seller. The amount of that interest payment is thereby removed from the economy. In 2012, the Federal Reserve collected nearly $82 billion in interest profit from its treasury securities purchases. (Page 302 of the 2013 "100th Annual Report"^[24]) After expenses (district Federal Reserve property taxes, salaries, facilities management, dividends, etc.), it returns all money to the US Treasury.

In 2013, the Federal Reserve earned $91,149,953,000. It paid the US Treasury $79,633,271,000, not including the $701,522,000 it paid Treasury's Bureau of Printing and Engraving to create walking-around physical cash and currency. (Page 302 of the 2013 "100th Annual Report"^[24])

International

As of June 30, 2017,^[25] the foreign holders of at least $150 billion of U.S. Treasury securities are:

Holders	Long-term – US$ billion (percent change since June 2016)	Short-term – US$ billion (percent change since June 2016)	Total – US$ billion (percent change since June 2016)[26]	Est. ratio to GDP (where 2017 values are available)[27][28]
China	1,144.1 (−8%)	2.3 +37%	1,146.4 (−8%)	5%
Japan	1,033.9 (−5%)	56.1 (−8%)	1,090.0 (−5%)	22%
Ireland	259.6 +11%	44.4 +27%	304.0 +13%	93%
Brazil	252.2 +6%	17.4 +35%	269.6 +7%	13%
Cayman Islands	158.0 (−10%)	90.9 (−2%)	248.9 (−7%)	N/A
Switzerland	213.5 +3%	31.0 (−1%)	244.5 +3%	36%
United Kingdom	199.6 +0.4%	34.6 +19%	234.2 +3%	9%
Luxembourg	173.7 (−3%)	38.2 (−15%)	211.8 (−6%)	334%
Hong Kong	137.5 +1%	63.2 +32%	200.7 +9%	60%
Taiwan	182.6 (−1%)	3.3 +15%	185.9 (−1%)	33%
Others	1,712.8 +6%	296.3 +12%	2,009.1 +7%	N/A
Total	5,467.6 (−2%)	677.7 (−1%)	6,145.3 (−2%)	N/A

See also

References

External links

• Bureau of the Public Debt: US Savings Bonds Online


• Major Foreign Holders of U.S. Treasury Bonds


• U.S. Bureau of the Public Debt: Series A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, and K Savings Bonds and Savings Notes.


• Features and Risks of Treasury Inflation Protection Securities


• U.S. Treasury Resource Center - Treasury International Capital (TIC) System


• 10 Year Treasury Yield Chart