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Old Providence Island Isla de Providencia Old Providence
Manzanillo beach
Seal
Providencia
Old Providence Island Location in Colombia
Coordinates: 13°20′56″N 81°22′29″W / 13.34889°N 81.37472°W / 13.34889; -81.37472Coordinates: 13°20′56″N 81°22′29″W / 13.34889°N 81.37472°W / 13.34889; -81.37472
Country	Colombia
Department	San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
Area
• Total	22.0 km2 (8.5 sq mi)
Elevation	360 m (1,180 ft)
Population (2007)
• Total	5,011
• Density	230/km2 (590/sq mi)
	Estimate
Time zone	Colombia Time (COT)
• Summer (DST)	none
Languages	Primary: English, Creole Secondary: Caribbean & Colombian Spanish

Isla de Providencia, historically Old Providence, and generally known as Providencia, is a mountainous Caribbean island part of the Colombian department of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the municipality of Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands, lying midway between Costa Rica and Jamaica. Providencia's maximum elevation is 360 metres (1,180 ft) above sea level. The smaller Santa Catalina Island to the northwest is connected by a 100 metres (330 ft) footbridge to its larger sister Providencia Island. The two islands cover an area of 22 square kilometres (8.5 sq mi) and form the municipality of Santa Isabel, which had a population of 4,927 at the Census of 2005. The island is served by El Embrujo Airport, which the Colombian Government plans to expand in order to take international flights.

The island was the site of an English Puritan colony established in 1629 by the Providence Island Company, and was briefly taken by Spain in 1641. The pirate Henry Morgan used Providencia as a base for raiding the Spanish empire, and rumours suggest that much of his treasure remains hidden on the island. Many parts of the island are named after Morgan. Forts and cannons dating back hundreds of years can be found scattered all over Santa Catalina Island.

Early times of the colony

Popularly considered a failed colony^{[by whom?]} due to poor planning, internal strife (seen in faulty leadership and slipping focus on the original purpose) and economic woes, it was founded in efforts to curb Spanish buccaneers in the West Indies^{[citation needed]} and to found a colony based on Puritan values. It was expected to be more profitable and successful than the Plymouth colony that later became Plymouth, Massachusetts. Though the small colony was English, the island had a significant Dutch population. The colony is now known for its involvement in the trade in slaves, who were sold and traded in exchange for tobacco, but not for monetary profit, in accordance with the colonists' Puritan values.

Some of the more famous characters were the governors Nathaniel Butler and Philip Bell, Bell's father-in-law Daniel Elfrith, William Rous and Thomas Gage. Philip Bell was the first governor and was replaced by Robert Hunt, due to conflict with another colonist resulting in ungodly behavior. Nathaniel Butler later replaced Hunt. Many of these men had already had experience with England's colonizing and economic expeditions with the Virginia Company and the Somers (Bermuda) Company.

It is possible to infer what life was like on the island based on the accounts of slaves and letters written by the colonists. They reported that some of the Englishmen who wanted to leave said "this place is no way to live". Life included church services, trade with English ships, and hopes for corsair raids against the Spanish. The slaves say that they were considered heretics on account of their Catholicism, and their rosaries were destroyed. Much tobacco was grown on the island and traded for slaves, clothing, shoes, liquor, beer, fabric, and household goods. Occasionally ships from England would bring women. Before the English had adequate ships for raiding the Spanish, they traveled around the island's freshwater streams and surrounding waters for fishing and finding turtles. They sometimes brought back Indians from their expeditions.

The principal trading port had about nine small forts and several little fortresses along the bay's entrance. There was one inside the mouth of the bay and one also by the governor's house. These testimonies are thought to have provided the Spanish with key information on the colony's logistics and defenses that enabled the attack on the island.

Privateering

Drawing of the fortress of pirate Louis Michel Aury by Louis Pérou de Lacroix (1821)

Due to the economic difficulties the colonists faced, they had to turn to privateers to make money. This is surprising to many because it seems in conflict with Puritan values. Yet, the colonists were eager to do good for England and for their attempts at reformed religion in the West Indies, and as such they needed money. Though England and Spain were not at war, the desire to protect the respective countries’ interests in the West Indies only increased tensions between the two nations. While Nathaniel Butler was governor, much of his time was spent looking after the needs of privateers. He was hoping to revitalize the colony's hurting economy, which in turn would improve the morale and hopes of the disgruntled colonists. In addition, he was worried that the English and Dutch activity in a heavily Spanish-controlled area would attract unwanted attention.

The island's focus turned to defense and by 1638 the colony expected a Spanish attack within a year. Several men were sent on privateering expeditions themselves and a council of war was created. This is one major difference between the Providence Island colony and other English colonies; as Karen Kupperman observes, in the New England colonies, “success was accompanied by lodging such issues firmly under civilian control. In the threatening world of the western Caribbean, such amateurism was not seen as possible.” However, the privateering expeditions proved unsuccessful due to inexperience and lack of general sailing or West Indies knowledge.

People

Although the island is part of Colombia, the 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants are reported to feel more Caribbean than Colombian, with many Rastafari. The inhabitants mostly speak English or San Andrés–Providencia Creole, an English-based creole similar to Belize Kriol and Jamaican Patwa, rather than the Spanish of Colombia,^[1] as well as Provisle, an indigenous sign language.

As of 2015^[update] the island was not seriously affected by the violent drug trafficking of Colombia, but many islanders were recruited to work for traffickers due to their seafaring skills and knowledge of the waters of the area, and to the scarcity of other employment opportunities on the island. It was estimated that about 800 young men out of the island's small population were in jails abroad, or had simply disappeared.^[2]

Environment

Aerial view towards Manzanillo beach and Old Providence McBean Lagoon on the east coast of Providencia Island

The 995-hectare national park Old Providence McBean Lagoon is located on the island's northeast side, between Maracaibo and Rocky Point. This National Park consists of coral reefs, small Cayes, mangroves, lagoons and tropical dry forest. The National Park has a tiny visitor centre on Crab Caye, from where there are views towards the barrier reef and the waters that surround the caye.

A local population of black land crabs is noteworthy for its breeding migration, which occurs every April/May.^[3] These crabs live in the hills of the island and descend (en masse) to the sea once a year to lay their eggs.

Providencia is the centre point of the UNESCO Marine Protected Area the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve, which forms 10% of the entire Caribbean Sea. This ecologically important reserve contains some of the world's greatest marine biodiversity, and incorporates the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, in addition to the remote uninhabited cays at Roncador Bank, Serrana Bank, as well as distant reefs that include Quita Sueño Bank, Rosalind Bank and Alice Shoal.

References

Further reading

• 
  "The Geology Of Providencia". Retrieved 2006-05-12.
  


• 
  Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (1993). Providence Island, 1630-1641 : The Other Puritan Colony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35205-3.
  


• 
  Wheat, David (2009). "A Spanish Caribbean Captivity Narrative: African Sailors and Puritan Slavers, 1635." Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic World, 1550-1812. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. ISBN 978-0-87220-993-0.
  


• 
  "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Privateering and Piracy".
  


• 
  Joe Parkin Daniels (2017). "New film shines light on tiny Colombian island where English is the mother tongue". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
  

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Providencia.

• Providencia Island travel guide


• 
  (in Spanish) Providencia y Santa Catalina islas Official Tourism Promotion Office in Colombia (Proexport)


• 
  (in Spanish) La Divina Providencia y Santa Catalina Islas - Local government tourism website


• 
  (in Spanish) Providencia Es Pasion - Tourism website