鼓虾

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Disambig gray.svg  本文介紹的是主要是枪虾科物种的闭螯发声现象。關於枪虾科物种，請見「枪虾科」。



 

如何讀生物分類框
鼓蝦

Alpheus heterochaelis
Alpheus heterochaelis


科學分類

















界：

動物界 Animalia

門：

節肢動物門 Arthropoda

綱：

軟甲綱 Malacostraca

目：

十足目 Decapoda


亞目：

腹胚亞目 Pleocyemata


下目：

真蝦下目 Caridea


總科：

槍蝦總科 Alpheoidea

科：

槍蝦科 Alpheidae

鼓蝦又名手槍蝦，在饮食领域叫做嘎巴虾，顏色呈泥綠色，擁有一對一大一小的蝦螯，身長約5厘米，但巨螯的長卻達約2.5厘米。卡搭蝦潛行於熱帶海洋的淺水區域，當卡搭蝦獵食時會將牠的巨螯快速合上，噴射出一道時速高達100公里左右的水流，將獵物如小魚、小蟹震懾、擊昏，甚至殺死。這道高速水流會觸發空穴現象，成形一個極微小的低壓氣泡，當水壓回復正常，氣泡會崩裂並發出劈啪聲，鼓虾因此得名。假若一群鼓虾同時閉合牠們的巨螯，所發出的聲量足以讓潛水艇避過聲納探測器的追蹤。


鼓虾也被称为“共生蝦”，原因是牠與蝦虎魚的共生關係。小蝦的視力不及蝦虎魚，但如果它看見或感覺到蝦虎魚突然游回洞穴，它便能跟着縮回。蝦虎魚和鼓虾總是保持着聯繫，鼓虾通過其觸角觸碰蝦虎，當有危險時，蝦虎魚會輕拍尾鰭以示警告。


有海中的隔空狙擊手之稱。


据动物擂台的说法鼓虾能造200分贝的声音




目录





  • 1 品种


  • 2 蝦光現象


  • 3 相片


  • 4 參考資料


  • 5 外部連結




品种


在渤海湾主要有鲜明鼓虾和日本鼓虾等。



蝦光現象




鼓虾閉合巨螯產生氣穴現象的連環圖


荷蘭屯特大學研究人員利用一個每秒鐘可連續拍攝40,000次的高速照相機，觀察某一品種鼓虾（Alpheus heterochaelis）的活動。研究員發現，當鼓虾閉合巨螯產生一道高速的噴射水流，形成空穴現象，產生一個低壓氣泡，當氣泡崩裂時，會產生高達200分貝的音量，足以震碎玻璃及殺死1.8米內的小魚，氣泡在崩裂同時，會產生聲致發光（卽氣泡在水中發生內向爆炸，產生光及高溫）[1]，科學家稱這种鼓虾造成的聲致發光爲「蝦光現象」（shrimpoluminescence），有關「蝦光現象」的詳細解釋、圖片、影片及聲音檔案，可於屯特大學的網頁[1]取得。


鼓虾產生的氣泡因被迅速地壓縮，熱力無處消散，使得氣泡內的溫度可激增至華氏8500度(約攝氏4704.4度)，並產生持續數億分之1秒的亮光，因持續時間太短，現時並沒有工具可以準確量度出持續時間。這道亮光用肉眼無法看到，事實上只是衝擊波造成的副產品，生物學上沒有重要性，但這是首次發現動物利用這方式發光。



相片





  • 一種紅白間色的鼓虾“Alpheus randalli”





  • Pistol Shrimp02.jpg





參考資料



  1. ^ Lohse D, Schmitz B, Versluis M (2001). Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles. 《自然》 413 (6855): 477-8. PMID 11586346

  • Brown, K. 2000. For certain shrimp, life's a snap. Science 289 (5487): 2020-2021.

  • Lohse, D., Schmitz, B. and Versluis, M. 2001. Snapping Shrimp make flashing bubbles. Nature 413: 477-478.

  • Versluis, M., Schmitz, B., von der Heydt, A. and Lohse, D. 2000. How Snapping Shrimp snap: through cavitating bubbles. Science 289 (5487): 2114-2117.


外部連結



  • Snapping Shrimp Stun Prey with Flashy Bang《國家地理雜誌》

  • 介紹有關「蝦光形象」，含圖片、影片、聲音

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