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Muhammadiyah
محمدية

The logo of Muhammadiyah
Zone of influence
Formation	18 November 1912
Type	Organization
Purpose	Religious Islamic
Headquarters	1. Jl. Cik Dik Tiro, Kota Yogyakarta, DIY, Indonesia 2. Jl. Menteng Raya, Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
Region served	Indonesia
Membership	50 million
Leader	Dr. Haedar Nashir
Website	Official website

Muhammadiyah (Arabic: محمدية‎, followers of Muhammad. full name: Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah) is a major Islamic non-governmental organization in Indonesia.^[1] The organization was founded in 1912 by Ahmad Dahlan in the city of Yogyakarta as a reformist socioreligious movement, advocating ijtihad - individual interpretation of Qur'an and sunnah, as opposed to taqlid - the acceptance of the traditional interpretations propounded by the ulama.^[2] Since its establishment, Muhammadiyah has adopted a reformist platform mixing religious and secular education,^[3] primarily as a way to promote the upward mobility of Muslims toward a 'modern' community and to purify Indonesian Islam of local syncretic practices.^[3] It continues to support local culture and promote religious tolerance in Indonesia, while a few of its higher education institutions are attended mostly by non-Muslims, especially in East Nusa Tenggara and Papua provinces. The group also runs a large chain of charity hospitals,^[1] and operated 128 universities as of the late 1990s.^[4]

At the moment, Muhammadiyah is the second largest Islamic organization in Indonesia with 29 million members.^[2] Although Muhammadiyah leaders and members are often actively involved in shaping the politics in Indonesia, Muhammadiyah is not a political party. It has devoted itself to social and educational activities.

History

On November 18, 1912, Ahmad Dahlan— a court official of the kraton of Yogyakarta^[5] and an educated Muslim scholar from Mecca—established Muhammadiyah in Yogyakarta. There were a number of motives behind the establishment of this movement. Among the important ones are the backwardness of Muslim society and the penetration of Christianity. Ahmad Dahlan, much influenced by Egyptian reformist Muhammad 'Abduh, considered modernization and purification of religion from syncretic practices were very vital in reforming this religion. Therefore, since its beginning Muhammadiyah has been very concerned with maintaining tawhid, and refining monotheism in society.

From 1913 to 1918, Muhammadiyah established five Islamic Schools. In 1919 an Islamic high school, Hooge School Muhammadiyah was established.^[6] In establishing schools, Muhammadiyah received significant help from the Boedi Oetomo, an important nationalist movement in Indonesia in the first half of the twentieth century, such as in the form of providing teachers.^[7] Muhammadiyah has generally avoided politics. Unlike its traditionalist counterpart, the Nahdatul Ulama, it never formed a political party. Since its establishment, it has devoted itself to educational and social activities.

In 1925, two years after the death of Dahlan, Muhammadiyah only has 4,000 members, even has built 55 schools and two clinics in Surabaya and Yogyakarta.^[8] After Abdul Karim Amrullah introduced the organisation to Minangkabau dynamic Moslem community, Muhammadiyah developed rapidly. In 1938, organisation claimed has 250,000 members, managed the 834 mosques, 31 libraries, 1,774 schools, and 7,630 ulema. The Minangkabau Merchants spread organization to the entire of Indonesia.^[9]

During the 1965-66 political turbulence and violence, Muhammadiyah declared the extermination of the "Gestapu/PKI" (the 30 September Movement and the Indonesian Communist Party) constituted Holy War, a view endorsed by other Islamic groups.^[10] (see also: Indonesian killings of 1965-66). During the 1998 "Indonesian reformation", some parts of Muhammadiyah urged the leadership to form a party. Therefore, they - including Muhammadiyah chairman, Amien Rais, founded the National Mandate Party. Although gaining large support from Muhammadiyah members, this party has no official relationship with Muhammadiyah. The leader of Muhammadiyah says the members of his organisation are free to align themselves with political parties of their choosing provided such parties have shared values with Muhammadiyah.^[11]

Today, with 29 million members Muhammadiyah is the second largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, after Nahdlatul Ulama.

Doctrine

The central doctrine of Muhammadiyah is Sunni Islam. However, it emphasizes the authority of the Qur'an and the Hadiths as supreme Islamic law that serves as the legitimate basis of the interpretation of religious belief and practices, in contrast to traditional practices where shariah law invested in religious school by ulema. The main focus of the Muhammadiyah movement is to heighten people's sense of moral responsibility, purifying their faith to true Islam.

Muhammadiyah strongly opposes syncretism, where Islam had coalesced with animism (spirit worship) and with Hindu-Buddhist elements that were spread among communities from the pre-Islamic period. Muhammadiyah opposes the tradition of Sufism that allows Sufi leader (shaykh) as the formal authority of Muslims. As of 2006, it is said to have "veered sharply toward a more conservative brand of Islam" under the leadership of Din Syamsuddin the head of the Indonesian Ulema Council.^[12]

Activities

Muhammadiyah head office in Jakarta

Muhammadiyah is noted as a Muslim reformists organization. Its main activities are religion and education. It has built Islamic schools in modern forms, aside from traditional pesantren. Some of its schools are also open to non-Muslims.^[13] Currently there are around 5,754 schools owned by Muhammadiyah.^[14]

It has also functioned as a charitable organization. Today it owns several hundred non-profit medical clinics and hospitals across Indonesia.^[1] Recently it has been active in campaigning about the danger of bird flu in Indonesia.^[15]

Organization

The national headquarters was originally in Yogyakarta. However, by 1970 the committees dealing with education, economics, health and social welfare had been relocated to the national capital, Jakarta.^[16]

Muhammadiyah is supported by several autonomous organizations:^[17]

• 
  Aisyiyah ( Women )


• 
  Pemuda Muhammadiyah ( Youth )


• 
  Nasyiatul Aisyiyah ( Young Women ) (http://nasyiah.or.id)


• 
  Ikatan Pelajar Muhammadiyah ( Student association ) [1]
  


• 
  Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah (College student ) [2]
  


• 
  Tapak Suci Putra Muhammadiyah (Pencak Silat)


• 
  Hisbul Wathan ( Scouting ).

The central committee structure consists of five advisors, a chairman, a vice chairman, a secretary general and some deputies, a treasurer and some deputies, as well as several deputies of chairman.^[18]

List of Leaders

!Number	Photo	Name	Term Start	Term End	Deliberation Place	Description
1.		K.H. Ahmad Dahlan	1 August 1912	23 February 1923	Yogyakarta	Meetings 1st Year
2.		K.H. Ibrahim	23 February 1923	13 October 1932	Yogyakarta	Meetings 12th Year
3.		K.H. Hisyam	10 November 1934	20 May 1936	Yogyakarta	Meetings 23rd Year
4.		K.H. Mas Mansur	25 June 1937	25 April 1942	Yogyakarta	Meetings 26th Year
5.		Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo	24 November 1944	4 November 1953	Yogyakarta	Emergency Congress
6.		Buya A.R. Sutan Mansur	4 November 1953	25 March 1959	Purwokerto	The 32nd Congress
7.		K.H. M. Yunus Anis	25 March 1959	3 June 1962	Palembang	The 34th Congress
8.		K.H. Ahmad Badawi	3 June 1962	25 April 1968	Jakarta	The 35th Congress
9.		KH Faqih Usman	25 April 1968	3 October 1968	Palembang	The 34th Congress
10.		K.H. Abdul Rozak Fachruddin	3 October 1968	17 March 1971		Fait Accompli
			17 March 1971	15 December 1990	Makasar	The 38th Congress
11.		K.H. Ahmad Azhar Basyir	15 December 1990	28 June 1995	Yogyakarta	The 42nd Congress
12.	Amien Rais and Abdurrahman Wahid	Prof. Dr. H. Amien Rais	28 June 1995	26 April 1998	Banda Aceh	The 43rd Congress
13.		Prof. Dr. H. Ahmad Syafi'i Ma'arif	26 April 1998	31 May 2000		Tanwir & Meetings Plenary Session
			31 May 2000	25 November 2005	Jakarta	The 44th Congress
14.		Prof. Dr. KH. Din Syamsuddin, M.A.	31 August 2005	8 July 2010	Malang	The 45th Congress
			8 July 2010	6 May 2015	Yogyakarta	The 46th Congress
15.		Dr. K.H. Haedar Nashir	7 May 2015	Incumbent	Makassar	The 47th Congress

Muhammadiyah Universities

Muhammadiyah organisation has a number of universities which are spread out in several provinces of Indonesia, such as:

• Ahmad Dahlan University of Yogyakarta


• Muhammadiyah University of Malang


• Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta


• Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta


• Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto


• 
  Muhammadiyah University of Makassar Unismuh
  


• 
  Muhammadiyah University of Magelang UMMGL
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Semarang
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Metro, Indonesia
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Palembang
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Bengkulu
  


• Muhammadiyah University of West Sumatra
  


• Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Aceh
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Cirebon
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Bekasi
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Gresik
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Jember
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Kupang
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Ternate
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Gorontalo
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Prof. Hamka


• Muhammadiyah University of Parepare
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Sukabumi
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Ponorogo
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Pontianak
  


• Muhammadiyah University of Sorong, Papua
  

See also

• Nahdatul Ulama


• Islam in Indonesia

References

External links

• Official website


• Official magazine


• 
  Pacific Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Sep., 1954), pp. 255-263 Modern Islam in Indonesia: The Muhammadiyah After Independence


• 
  Ali Shodiqin, Mochammad. 2014. "Muhammadiyah itu NU!: Dokumen Fiqh yang Terlupakan". Jakarta: NouraBooks.
  


• Burhani, Ahmad Najib. 2005. "Revealing the Neglected Missions: Some Comments on the Javanese Elements of Muhammadiyah Reformism." Studia Islamika, 12 (1): 101-129.


• Burhani, Ahmad Najib. 2010. Muhammadiyah Jawa. Jakarta: Al-Wasat.


• 
  Peacock, J.L. (1978). Purifying the Faith: The Muhammadijah Movement in Indonesian Islam. Cummings Press.
  


• 
  "Muhammadiyah". Div. of Religion and Philosophy, St. Martin College, UK. Archived from the original on 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
  


• Ricklefs, M.C. 1991. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300. 2nd Edition, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  ISBN 0-333-57690-X