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Helicarionidae
Five worn shells of Erepta setiliris at Réunion island
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Panpulmonata clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora clade Sigmurethra clade limacoid clade
Superfamily:	Helicarionoidea
Family:	Helicarionidae Bourguignat, 1877[1]

Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea.^[2]

Distribution

The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern Palearctic, Malagasy, India, south-eastern Asia, Hawaii, and Australia.^[3]

Anatomy

Species of snails within this family make and use love darts made of chitin.

In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).^[4]

Taxonomy

The following two subfamilies were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):^[2]

• subfamily Helicarioninae Bourguignat, 1877 - synonyms: Pseudotrochatellinae A. J. Wagner, 1905;^[5] Ereptinae Godwin-Austen, 1908;^[6] Xestinae Gude & B. B. Woodward, 1921;^[7] Sesarinae Thiele, 1931;^[8] Nitoridae Iredale, 1937;^[9] Epiglyptidae Iredale, 1944;^[10] Gudeoconchidae Iredale, 1944^[10]


• subfamily Durgellinae Godwin-Austen, 1888^[11]
  • tribe Durgellini Godwin-Austen, 1888 - synonyms: Sitalinae Godwin-Austen, 1900;^[12] Sophininae W. Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908;^[13] Satiellini Schileyko, 2003^[14]
  
  
  • tribe Girasiini Collinge, 1902^[15]
  
  

Genera

Genera within the family Helicarionidae include:

subfamily Helicarioninae

• 
  Epiglypta Pilsbry, 1893^[2]


• 
  Erepta Albers, 1850^[2]


• 
  Gudeoconcha Iredale, 1914^[2]


• 
  Helicarion Férussac, 1821 - type genus of the family Helicarionidae^[2]


• 
  Kalidos Gude, 1911^[16]


• 
  Nitor Gude, 1911^[2]


• 
  Parmella H. Adams, 1867
  


• 
  Plegma Gude, 1911


• 
  Pseudotrochatella G. Nevill, 1881^[2]


• 
  Sesara Albers, 1860^[2]


• 
  Wilhelminaia Preston, 1913 ^[17]


• 
  Xesta Albers, 1850^[2]

subfamily Durgellinae

• tribe Durgellini
  
  • 
    Aenigmatoconcha C. Tumpeesuwan & S. Tumpeesuwan, 2017
  
  
  • 
    Austenia G. Nevill, 1878
  
  
  • 
    Cryptaustenia Cockerell, 1891
  
  
  • 
    Durgella Blanford, 1863 - type genus of the subfamily Durgellinae^[2]
  
  
  • 
    Eurychlamys Godwin-Austen, 1899
  
  
  • 
    Holkeion Godwin-Austen, 1908
  
  
  • 
    Ibycus Heynemann, 1863
  
  
  • 
    Nesaecia Gude, 1911
  
  
  • 
    Pseudaustenia Cockerell, 1891
  
  
  • 
    Rasama Laidlaw, 1932
  
  
  • 
    Rhyssotopsis Ancey, 1887
  
  
  • 
    Rotungia Godwin-Austen, 1918
  
  
  • 
    Satiella Godwin-Austen, 1908^[2]
  
  
  • 
    Sitala H. Adams, 1865^[2]
  
  
  • 
    Sivella W.T. Blanford, 1863
  
  
  • 
    Sophina Benson, 1859^[2]
  
  
  • 
    Teraia Solem, 1966
  
  


• tribe Girasiini
  
  • 
    Girasia Gray, 1855 - type genus of the tribe Girasiini^[2]

subfamily ?

• 
  Advena^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Atrichotoxon^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Buffetia^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Diastole^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Dolapex^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Elisolimax^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Harmogenanina^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Iredaleoconcha^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Kaliella^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Lutilodix^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Mathewsoconcha^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Mysticarion^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Nancibella^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Ovachlamys^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Panulena^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Philonesia^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Pittoconcha^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Quintalia^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Ryssota^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Thapsia^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Trichotoxon^{[citation needed]}


• 
  Zingis^{[citation needed]}

Cladogram

The following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationships of this family to other families within the limacoid clade:^[3]

References

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Helicarionidae

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Helicarionidae.

• Video of a Helicarionid in Sulawesi