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Stralsund
Old town of Stralsund as seen from St. Mary's church
Coat of arms
Location of Stralsund within Vorpommern-Rügen district
Stralsund Show map of Germany Stralsund Show map of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Coordinates: 54°18′N 13°5′E / 54.300°N 13.083°E / 54.300; 13.083Coordinates: 54°18′N 13°5′E / 54.300°N 13.083°E / 54.300; 13.083
Country	Germany
State	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
District	Vorpommern-Rügen
Founded	1234
Government
• Lord Mayor	Alexander Badrow (CDU)
Area
• Total	38.97 km2 (15.05 sq mi)
Elevation	13 m (43 ft)
Population (2017-12-31)[1]
• Total	59,517
• Density	1,500/km2 (4,000/sq mi)
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes	18435, 18437, 18439
Dialling codes	03831
Vehicle registration	HST
Website	www.stralsund.de

The main landmark of Stralsund: Its extraordinary Brick Gothic city hall from Hanseatic times. This building from 1278 features a remarkable 'show façade' that serves the sole purpose of displaying wealth of the city. Citizens can walk through the city hall and its gallery. It also features one of Europe's largest Gothic cellar vaults.

Stralsund (German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʁaːlzʊnt]), (Swedish: Strålsund^[2]) is a Hanseatic town in the Pomeranian part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is located at the Southern coast of the Strelasund, a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rügen from the mainland.^[3]

The Strelasund Crossing with its two bridges and several ferry services connects Stralsund with Rügen.^[3] The Western Pomeranian town has been the capital of the Vorpommern-Rügen district since the 2011 district reforms. It is the fourth-largest city of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and, together with Greifswald, Stralsund forms an Oberzentrum, one of four high-level urban centers of the region.

Stralsund was granted city rights in 1234 and was one of the most prospering members of the medieval Hanseatic League. In 1628, during the Thirty Years' War, Stralsund came under Swedish rule and remained so until the upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars. In the 19th century it became part of Prussia and Germany. Since 2002, Stralsund's old town with its rich heritage is honored as a UNESCO World Heritage, along with Wismar in Mecklenburg.

The main industries of Stralsund are shipyards, fishing, mechanical engineering, and, to an increasing degree, tourism, life sciences, services and high tech industries, especially IT (Information Technology) and biotechnology.

Geography

Aerial view of Stralsund and its world heritage old town island

Location

The town of Stralsund is located in northeastern Germany in the region of Western Pomerania in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Climate

Precipitation diagram

Its annual precipitation is 656 mm (25.8 inches) and comparatively low, falling within the lowest third of all precipitation values in Germany. The driest month is February; the most precipitation falls in July. The precipitation varies relatively moderately throughout the year. Only 40% of weather stations in Germany exhibit lower seasonal variation.

Landscapes, hills and rivers

Rügen Bridge, Germany's largest bridge, connects Stralsund with Rügen Island

The town lies on the sound of Strelasund, a strait of the Baltic Sea. Its geographic proximity to the island of Rügen, whose only fixed link to the mainland, the Strelasund Crossing, runs between Stralsund and the village of Altefähr, has given Stralsund the sobriquet "Gateway to the Island of Rügen" (Tor zur Insel Rügen). Stralsund is located close to the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park.

Stralsund's town borough includes municipal forest and three municipal ponds (the Knieperteich, Frankenteich and Moorteich. The three ponds and the Strelasund lend the Old Town, the original settlement site and historic center of the town, a protected island ambience. The highest point of the town is the Galgenberg ("Gallows Hill") on its western approaches.

Subdivisions

The town's territory covers an area of 38.97 km², which makes Stralsund, with its nearly 58,000 inhabitants one of the most densely populated towns in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (1,480 inhabitants per km²).

The borough of the Hanseatic town of Stralsund is divided into as follows:

The town also possesses estates in the local area as well as on the islands of Rügen, Hiddensee and Ummanz.

Neighbouring municipalities

Larger towns or cities in the nearby area are Greifswald and Rostock. In the local area around Stralsund there are also the towns of Barth and Ribnitz-Damgarten.

Many of the smaller villages in the vicinity, like Prohn or Negast, have grown sharply after 1990 as a result of the influx of those living or working in Stralsund.

History

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Historical affiliations

Principality of Rügen 1168–1325

Duchy of Pomerania 1325–1648
Sweden 1648–1807
French Empire 1807–1809
Prussian rebels 1809
French Empire 1809–1810
Sweden 1810–1812
French Empire 1812–1813
Sweden 1813–1814
Denmark 1814–1815
Kingdom of Prussia 1815–1871
German Empire 1871–1918
Weimar Republic 1918–1933
Nazi Germany 1933–1945
Soviet occupation zone 1945–1949
East Germany 1949–1990

Germany 1990–present

Stralsund seen from Altefähr. UNESCO awarded the old town island of Stralsund World Heritage status in 2002. It features many important historical buildings from different eras, going right back to Gothic architecture.

View over Stralsund from the tower of St Mary's

Typical street view of Stralsund: patrician houses with high gables from different eras, including the remarkable Brick Gothic and Renaissance

In the Middle Ages the Stralsund area formed part of the West Slavic Principality of Rügen. At that time the Dänholm isle and fishing village, both at the site of the latter town, were called Strale or Stralow, Polabian for "arrow" (this meaning underlies the town's coat of arms, which shows an arrow). The full Polabian name is Strzałów.^[5]

The village also had a ferry to the island of Rügen.^[6] In 1168 the Principality of Rügen became part of Kingdom of Denmark.

In the course of German Ostsiedlung, many German settlers, gentry and merchants were invited to settle in the principality, and they eventually populated the Strale settlement. Merchants from other countries as well as locals were attracted to the area and made up one third of the town's population. The Danish navy used the isle as well. When the settlement had grown to town size, prince Wizlaw I of Rügen granted Lübeck law to "our town Stralow" in 1234, although a significant settlement had existed long before the formal founding.^[6] In 1240, when the prince gave additional land to the town, he called it Stralesund.

The success of the settlement challenged the powerful Free City of Lübeck, which burnt Stralsund down in 1249. Afterwards the town was rebuilt with a massive town wall having 11 town gates and 30 watchtowers. The Neustadt, a town-like suburb, had merged with Stralsund by 1361. Schadegard, a nearby twin town to Stralsund also founded by Wizlaw I, though not granted German law, served as the principal stronghold and enclosed a fort. It was given up and torn down by 1269 under pressure from the Stralsund Bürger.

In 1293 Stralsund became a member of the Hanseatic League.^[3] A total of 300 ships flying the flag of Stralsund cruised the Baltic Sea in the 14th century. In 1325 the Principality of Rügen became part of the Duchy of Pomerania, Stralsund however maintained a considerable independence.

In the 17th century opposing forces in the Thirty Years' War fought over Stralsund. In the Battle of Stralsund (1628), the Imperial (Catholic) forces commanded by Albrecht von Wallenstein besieged the town after the council refused to accept the Capitulation of Franzburg^[7] of November 1627. Stralsund resisted with Danish and Swedish support.^[7] The Swedish garrison in Stralsund was the first on German soil in history.^[7] With the Treaty of Stettin (1630), the town became one of two major Swedish forts in the Duchy of Pomerania, alongside Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland).^[8]

After the war, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Stettin (1653) made Stralsund part of Swedish Pomerania. Lost to Brandenburg in the Battle of Stralsund (1678), it reverted to Sweden in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679). In the Great Northern War in 1715 Charles XII led the defence of Stralsund for a year against the united European armies. Stralsund remained under Swedish control until the Battle of Stralsund (1807), when Napoleon Bonaparte's army occupied it. Seized by Ferdinand von Schill's freikorps in 1809, it subsequently reverted to French control, with Schill killed in action. With the Congress of Vienna (1815), Stralsund became a part of the Prussian Province of Pomerania and the seat of a government region resembling the former Swedish Pomerania.

Following the First World War Stralsund suffered the same sort of political unrest and unemployment that afflicted much of Germany. In May 1919 Stralsund workers clashed with police, and martial law was declared.^{[by whom?]} In the early 1920s the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) became the strongest party in Stralsund, but its political fortunes waned rapidly, and in September 1922 it reunited with the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

In the national parliamentary election of May 1924, the conservative German National People's Party (DNVP) polled 8,547 votes in Stralsund, the SPD 3,534, the Communists 1,825 and the German People's Party (DVP) of Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann 1,417. However, in keeping with national trends, Hitler's National Socialists made rapid gains in the late 1920s, and by the time of the last free national election in July 1932 the Nazis polled twice as many votes in Stralsund as the SPD.

During the Nazi period (1933–1945), Stralsund's military installations expanded, and a naval training base opened on the nearby island of Dänholm. In World War II the city was subjected to repeated Allied bombing. Attacks by the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1944 killed some 800 Stralsunders and destroyed an estimated 8,000 dwellings. The 354th Rifle Division of the Red Army occupied Stralsund on April 28, 1945 – 10 days before the end of the war in Europe. Approximately half its population had fled.

During the period of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Stralsund saw the construction of numerous Plattenbau prefabricated apartment blocks. Its economic life centered on the now state-owned shipyard, which largely focussed on building ships for the Soviet Union.

After German reunification in 1990, the city's historic old town was thoroughly restored, and Communist-era apartment blocks were renovated and upgraded. In 2002 the old towns of Stralsund and Wismar, some 120 km to the west, were listed as UNESCO world heritage sites. Stralsund's shipyard was privatized, and thereafter specialized in constructing container ships.

Culture and sights

Stralsund

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Stralsund: Old Market Square with the Town Hall and the Nikolaikirche
Part of	Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar
Criteria	Cultural: ii, iv
Reference	1067
Inscription	2002 (26th Session)
Area	80 ha
Buffer zone	340 ha

Main sights

• The historic Stralsund old town island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It features many valuable remnants of the Hanseatic time, Brick Gothic, renaissance, baroque, historicist and Jugendstil buildings.


• The heart of the old town is the Old Market Square (Alter Markt), with the Gothic Town Hall (13th century). Behind the town hall soars the imposing Nikolaikirche (St. Nicholas' Church), built in 1270–1360. The square is surrounded by houses from different periods, including the Gothic Wulflamhaus (a 14th-century patrician house, today a restaurant), and the Baroque Commandantenhus of 1751, the old headquarters of the Swedish military commander.


• The Jakobikirche (Saint James's Church), built in mid-14th century. It was destroyed several times, e.g. by Wallenstein and in World War II.


• The Marienkirche (Saint Mary's Church), built in 1383–1473 in Gothic style, is the largest church in Stralsund, and from 1625—1647 it was the world's tallest structure. Its octagonal tower (104 meters high) offers a panorama view of Stralsund and the neighboring islands of Rügen and Hiddensee.

Portal of the Nikolaikirche

• The Johanniskloster (Franciscan monastery built in 1254), is one of the oldest buildings in the town.


• Stralsund is the port of registry for the former German Reichsmarine Navy Sail Training ship "Gorch Fock" 1. It is now a floating museum.


• The Katharinenkloster (Monastery of Saint Catherine), mainly built in the 15th century, houses two museums today: Stralsund's Museum of Cultural History (known for e.g. the Gold Jewellery of Hiddensee),^[9] and the German Oceanographic Museum, Germany's largest aquarium and oceanographic collection. The ancient refectory of the monastery is one of the most spectacular Gothic interiors in Germany.


• Besides the mentioned German Oceanographic Museum at the Katharinenkloster, Stralsund has other museums dedicated to marine life, including the popular Ozeaneum that was voted European Museum of the Year in 2010. There is also a nautical center, the Nautineum, on Dänholm island and the Marinemuseum Dänholm, showcasing the military history of the Germany Navy, especially the interwar Reichsmarine. It also hosts one of the last remaining GDR Volksmarine (People's Navy) torpedo boats.

Buildings and monuments

Old Town (Altstadt)

The centre of Stralsund has a wealth of historic buildings. Since 1990, large parts of the historic old town have been renovated with private and public capital, and with the support of foundations. As a result of the contempt for historic buildings in East Germany many houses were threatened by ruin. The Old Town in particular, offers a rich variety of historic buildings, with many former merchants' houses, churches, streets and squares. Of more than 800 listed buildings in Stralsund, more than 500 are designated as individual monuments in the Old Town. In twenty years, from the Wende (turning point) in 1990 to November 2010, 588 of the more than 1,000 old buildings were completely refurbished, including 363 individual monuments.^[10] Because of its historical and architectural significance, in 2002 Stralsund's old town together with the old town of Wismar were added to entitled the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list as the "Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar".

Old Market Square (Alter Markt)

Old Market Square (Alter Markt)

The ensemble of buildings on the Old Market Square includes the St. Nicholas Church; the Town Hall (Rathaus), one of the most important secular buildings of North German Brick Gothic architecture; the Artushof, the Wulflamhaus, the Commandantenhus, the Gewerkschaftshaus and a new apartment complex.

Old Town houses

The historic houses with their distinctive gables, often renovated at a high financial cost, dominate the scene in the streets of the Old Town. The former Swedish Government Palace is now home to the town construction department. The Museum of Cultural History Museum in Mönchstrasse, in one of the most important surviving original houses of the Hanseatic era, was refurbished with funds from the German Foundation for Monument Conservation It offers a guide to understanding the town's history over seven centuries.

Churches

Three large medieval Brick Gothic buildings – St. Mary's Church, St. Nicholas' Church and St. James Church, point to the medieval significance of Stralsund. Today St. James' is used purely as a cultural venue, its parish being served now by the Church of the Holy Spirit, which also dates from the 14th century. Two other churches on the Old Market Square and the Neuer Markt are still used for church services. The tower of St. Mary's on the Neuer Markt offers a panoramic view over Stralsund and the island of Rügen.

Monasteries

St. John's Abbey, (the Johanniskloster), a Franciscan monastery from 1254, now houses the Stralsund Town Archives. Regular cultural events also take place here, such as open-air theater productions.

The Gothic abbey of St. Anne and St. Bridget (Kloster St. Annen und Brigitten) in Schillstrasse was established around 1560 from the merger of the abbey of St. Anne (1480) and the double abbey of Mariakron (1421).

The Abbey of St. Jürgen (Kloster St. Jürgen am Strande) on Mönchstrasse was mentioned in 1278 for the first time. It served in the 14th century as an old people's home. In 1743 a new building, the Kleines St. Jürgen Kloster, was built at Kniepertor and the site was extended in 1754 to create old people's flats and in 1841 for widow's apartments.

First mentioned in 1256, the Heilgeistkloster is now the Hospital of the Holy Spirit.

Old Port with Ozeaneum, warehouses and historical ships including the Gorch Fock

Port

Ferries to Hiddensee and Altefähr, as well as harbor tour boats, dock at the port. In the summer months the port is a berthing places for river cruisers. There are several yacht harbors and marinas near the Old Town. Hundreds of yachts and boats tie up along the north mole in summer. Architecturally the pilot station and the harbor warehouse (Hafenspeicher), as well as the silhouette of the Old Town, form a unique tableau of different historical eras. The barque and former sailor's training ship, Gorch Fock is another tourist attraction at the harbor.

University

University of Applied Sciences Stralsund, Department of Economics

The Fachhochschule Stralsund is a University of Applied Sciences^[11] with a modern campus, north of the old town at the Strelasund. It has around 2,500 students and is among the best ranked public universities in Germany in various fields, especially in economics.^[12] Other university departments are Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Information Technology. The FH Stralsund also offers international study programs, such as Leisure and Tourism Management^[13] and Baltic Management Studies (international business management).^[14]

Transport

Stralsund is linked to the A20 motorway (towards Berlin and Hamburg), via the B96n dual-carriageway. Other major roads include the B105 (beginning in the town centre and continuing to Rostock) and the B96 (major road to Rügen) and the B194 to the town of Grimmen.

Stralsund Hauptbahnhof is on the line to Berlin, Rostock, Pasewalk and Bergen.

When travelling by air, passengers usually do so via Rostock-Laage Airport with connecting flights from Munich. A small airport, Stralsund Barth Airport, also serves the city locally.

Town buses are run by SWS (Stadtwerke Stralsund).

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Stralsund is twinned with:

Image gallery

Stralsund panorama

• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Founding document from 1234.
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Marienkirche (St. Mary's church).
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Nikolaikirche (St. Nicolas' church).
  

  
  

  
  

Notable people

Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld

GF Schoemann

Friedrich Spielhagen, 1877

Angela Merkel, 2010

Nadja Uhl, 2008

early times

• 
  Bartholomäus Sastrow (1520–1603), a German official, notary and mayor of Stralsund.


• 
  Thomas Kantzow (c.1505-1542), chronicler of the Duchy of Pomerania
  


• 
  Nicodemus Tessin the Elder (1615–1681) a Swedish architect.


• Count Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld (1651–1722) a Swedish Field Marshal


• 
  Philip Johan von Strahlenberg (1676–1747) a Swedish officer and geographer, contributed to the cartography of Russia

18th C

• 
  Hermann Raupach (1728 – 1778), German composer


• 
  Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786), a Swedish Pomeranian and German pharmaceutical chemist


• 
  Christian Ehrenfried Weigel (1748–1831), scientist


• 
  Ernst Moritz Arndt (1769–1860), nationalist author, poet, fighter against serfdom


• 
  Ferdinand von Schill (1776–1809), leader of a revolt against French domination


• 
  Carl Georg Schwing (1778—1858), a German jurist and mayor of Stralsund.


• 
  Joachim Nicolas Eggert (1779–1813), Swedish composer and musical director
  


• 
  Georg Friedrich Schömann (1793–1879), classical scholar ^[16]

19th C

• 
  Arnold Ruge (1802–1880), philosopher and political writer ^[17]


• 
  Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg (1803–1868), Prime minister of Prussia


• 
  Hermann Burmeister (1807–1892), German Argentine zoologist, entomologist and botanist. ^[18]


• 
  William Lindley (1808–1900), engineer, designed water and sewerage systems ^[19]


• 
  Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson (1809–1848), medical doctor and entomologist


• 
  Joachim Daniel Andreas Müller (1812–1857) a Swedish gardener and writer


• 
  Otto Gottlieb Mohnike (1814-1887) a German physician and naturalist, implemented the first successful nationwide smallpox vaccination in Japan


• 
  Heinrich Kruse (1815-1902) a German dramatist, publicist and playwright ^[20]


• 
  Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten (1817–1908), botanist and geologist


• 
  Hermann von Mallinckrodt (1821–1874), parliamentarian from the Province of Westphalia


• 
  Eduard von Jachmann (1822–1887), German vice admiral of the Prussian Navy.


• 
  Friedrich Spielhagen (1829–1911), German novelist, literary theorist and translator ^[21]


• 
  Erich Haupt (1841–1910) a German Lutheran theologian ^[22]


• 
  Leonhard Tietz (1849–1914), merchant, opened his first department store in Stralsund in 1879


• 
  Georg Wertheim (1857–1939), merchant, founded the Wertheim chain of department stores


• 
  Johannes Kromayer (1859–1934) a German classical historian


• 
  Ernst Kromayer (1862–1933), dermatologist, invented a water-cooled mercury-vapor lamp for ultraviolet irradiation of the skin


• 
  Karl Grunberg (1875–1932) otologist, researched the anatomy of the ear's labyrinth.

20th C

• 
  Harry Kupfer (born 1935), opera director, worked at the Theater Stralsund 1958-1962


• 
  Wolfram Setz (born 1941) a German historian, editor, translator and essayist


• 
  Olaf von Schilling (born 1943) a German swimmer, competed in the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics
  


• 
  Helmut Losch (1947–2005), weightlifter, competed at the 1972 and the 1976 Summer Olympics
  


• 
  Jürgen Heuser (born 1953), weightlifter, silver medallist at the 1980 Summer Olympics
  


• 
  Angela Merkel (born 1954), politician; her office is still located on the main shopping street


• 
  Monika Kallies (born 1956) a German rower and gold medallist at the 1976 Summer Olympics
  


• 
  Dietmar Bartsch (born 1958) politician, member of the Bundestag.


• 
  Silke Möller (born 1964), athlete, especially the 100 metres and 200 metres sprint


• 
  Carsten Embach (born 1968) bobsledder, competed in the 1994 and 2002 Winter Olympics
  


• 
  Nadja Uhl (born 1972) a German actress.


• 
  Ulrike Maisch (born 1977), long distance runner

Literature

• Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern – Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden. Berlin 1865, S. 434–502 (Volltext)


• Auerbach, Horst: Festung und Marinegarnison Stralsund. Hinstorff-Verlag, Rostock 1999, .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
  ISBN 3-356-00835-8.


• Detlev Brunner: Stralsund – Eine Stadt im Systemwandel vom Ende des Kaiserreichs bis in die 1960er Jahre. Veröffentlichungen zur SBZ-/DDR-Forschung im Institut für Zeitgeschichte. München 2010,
  ISBN 978-3-486-59805-6. (Rezension)


• Hansestadt Stralsund, Untere Denkmalschutzbehörde (Hrsg.): Denkmalplan Stralsund. Recherchen und Analysen für die Pflege des Welterbes. Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 2013.
  ISBN 978-3-940207-91-3.

See also

• Stralsunder Highflier

Sources

Footnotes

Further reference

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Stralsund.

• 
  Britannica Online Encyclopedia, "Stralsund" (city), 2007, webpage: EB-Stralsund.

External links

• The "Stralsund Expedition" of 1715, depicted in Thomas Carlyle's "History Of Friedrich II of Prussia"