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English Cocker Spaniels are small spaniels.

Welsh Springer Spaniel on the beach

A spaniel is a type of gun dog. Spaniels were especially bred to flush game out of denser brush. By the late 17th century spaniels had been specialized into water and land breeds. The extinct English Water Spaniel was used to retrieve water fowl shot down with arrows. Land spaniels were setting spaniels—those that crept forward and pointed their game, allowing hunters to ensnare them with nets, and springing spaniels—those that sprang pheasants and partridges for hunting with falcons, and rabbits for hunting with greyhounds. During the 17th century, the role of the spaniel dramatically changed as Englishmen began hunting with flintlocks for wing shooting. Charles Goodall and Julia Gasow (1984)^[1] write that spaniels were "transformed from untrained, wild beaters, to smooth, polished gun dogs."

The word spaniel would seem to be derived from the medieval French espaigneul—"Spanish"—modern French, espagnol.

Definition and description

A drawing of a typical skull of a Spaniel

The Oxford English Dictionary defines Spaniel as "a breed of dog with a long silky coat and drooping ears".^[2]

Not much has changed about spaniels in general over the years, as can be seen in this 1921 entry in Collier's New Encyclopedia:

Their distinguishing characteristics are a rather broad muzzle, remarkably long and full ears, hair plentiful and beautifully waved, particularly that of the ears, tail, and hinder parts of the thighs and legs. The prevailing color is liver and white, sometimes red and white or black and white, and sometimes deep brown, or black on the face and breast, with a tan spot over each eye. The English spaniel is a superior and very pure breed. The King Charles is a small variety of the spaniel used as a lapdog. The water spaniels, large and small, differ from the common spaniel only in the roughness of their coats, and in uniting the aquatic propensities of the Newfoundland dog with the fine hunting qualities of their own race. Spaniels possess a great share of intelligence, affection, and obedience, which qualities, combined with much beauty, make them highly prized as companions.

History

King Charles Spaniels, photographed in 1915, one of the smaller breeds, is primarily a lap dog.

The origin of the word spaniel is described by the Oxford English Dictionary as coming from the Old French word espaigneul which meant "Spanish (dog)"; this in turn originated from the Latin Hispaniolus which simply means "Spanish".^[2] In Edward, 2nd Duke of York's work The Master of Game, which was mostly a 15th-century translation of an earlier work by Gaston III of Foix-Béarn entitled Livre de chasse, Spaniels are described as being from Spain as much as all Greyhounds are from England or Scotland.^[3]

Sixteenth-century English physician John Caius wrote that the spaniels of the time were mostly white, marked with spots that are commonly red. He described a new variety to have come out of France, which were speckled all over with white and black, "which mingled colours incline to a marble blewe".^[4]

Celtic origin theory

In the added appendices added to the 1909 re-print of Caius' work, the editors suggested that the type of dogs may have been brought into the British Isles as early as 900 BC by a branch of the Celts moving from Spain into Cornwall and on into Wales, England and Ireland.^[3] Theories on the origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel support this theory, as it is believed that the breed specifically is a direct descendant of the "Agassian hunting dog" described in the hunting poem Cynegetica attributed to Oppian of Apamea, which belonged to the Celtic tribes of Roman-occupied Britain:^[5]

There is a strong breed of hunting dog, small in size but no less worthy of great praise. These the wild tribes of Britons with their tattooed backs rear and call by the name of Agassian. Their size is like that of worthless and greedy domestic table dogs; squat, emaciated, shaggy, dull of eye, but endowed with feet armed with powerful claws and a mouth sharp with close-set venomous tearing teeth. It is by virtue of its nose, however, that the Agassian is most exalted, and for tracking it is the best there is; for it is very adept at discovering the tracks of things that walk upon the ground, and skilled too at marking the airborne scent.^[6]

Roman origin theory

Another theory of the origin of the spaniel is that the ancient Romans imported the Spaniel into Britannia, by way of the trade routes to the Far East. Colonel David Hancock^[7] adds a belief that the sporting type of spaniel originated in China from the short-faced ancestors of dogs such as the Pekinese, Pug and Shih Tzu. The theory goes that these ancestors were introduced into Southern Europe and evolved into the small sporting spaniels of the period around 1300–1600 AD. The issue of how a short-muzzled dog could evolve into a longer-muzzled dog is addressed by pointing to the evolution of the King Charles Spaniel into the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in less than a century.^[8]

Arabic origin theory

The first French Spaniel is speculated to have originated in the middle east towards the end of the 11th century. French knights in the Holy Land were accompanied by their pointers and other hunting hounds. Breeding between these dogs and the Arabic Greyhounds was considered inevitable, and the progeny became the first French Spaniels.^[9]

Hunting

A 16th-century drawing of a hawking party with spaniels

In assisting hunters, it is desirable that Spaniels work within gun range, are steady to shot, are able to mark the fall and retrieve shot game to hand with a soft mouth. A good nose is highly valued, as it is in most gun dog breeds. They are versatile hunters traditionally being used for upland game birds, but are equally adept at hunting rabbit and waterfowl. Whether hunting in open fields, woodlands, farm lands—in briars, along fencerows or marshlands, a spaniel can get the job done.^[10]

On the basis of function and hunting style, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) draws a distinction between continental and Anglo-American spaniels. FCI places continental dogs of the spaniel type in the pointing group (Group 7, sect. 1.2) because they function more like setters which "freeze" and point to game. Breeds in this group include the Blue Picardy Spaniel, the French Spaniel, the Brittany, the Pont-Audemer Spaniel, and the Small Münsterländer. FCI classifies most other dogs of the spaniel type as flushing or water dogs (Group 8, sections 2 and 3).^[11]

Breeds

Contemporary

Type of Spaniel	Also known as	Country/region of origin	Min. height	Max. height	Min. weight	Max. weight	Image
American Cocker Spaniel	Cocker Spaniel (in the United States)	United States	13 in (33 cm)	15 in (38 cm)	24 lb (11 kg)	29 lb (13 kg)[12]
American Water Spaniel		United States	15 in (38 cm)	18 in (46 cm)	25 lb (11 kg)	45 lb (20 kg)[13]
Blue Picardy Spaniel	Epagneul Bleu de Picardie	France	22 in (56 cm)	24 in (61 cm)[14]	43 lb (20 kg)	45 lb (20 kg)[15]
Boykin Spaniel		United States	15 in (38 cm)	18 in (46 cm)	25 lb (11 kg)	45 lb (20 kg)[16]
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel		England	12 in (30 cm)	13 in (33 cm)	13 lb (5.9 kg)	18 lb (8.2 kg)[17]
Clumber Spaniel		England	17 in (43 cm)	20 in (51 cm)	55 lb (25 kg)	85 lb (39 kg)}[18]
Drentse Patrijshond	Dutch Partridge Dog	Netherlands	21.5 in (55 cm)	25.5 in (65 cm)	55 lb (25 kg)	77 lb (35 kg)[19]
English Cocker Spaniel	Cocker Spaniel (In the United Kingdom)	England	15 in (38 cm)	17 in (43 cm)	26 lb (12 kg)	34 lb (15 kg)[20]
English Springer Spaniel		England	19 in (48 cm)	20 in (51 cm)	40 lb (18 kg)	50 lb (23 kg)[21]
Field Spaniel		England	17 in (43 cm)	18 in (46 cm)	35 lb (16 kg)	50 lb (23 kg)[22]
German Spaniel	Deutscher Wachtelhund	Germany	16 in (41 cm)	20 in (51 cm)	44 lb (20 kg)	66 lb (30 kg)[23]
Irish Water Spaniel	Whiptail, Shannon Spaniel, Rat Tail Spaniel, and Bog Dog	Ireland	21 in (53 cm)	24 in (61 cm)	45 lb (20 kg)	65 lb (29 kg)[24]
King Charles Spaniel	English Toy Spaniel (in the United States)	England	9 in (23 cm)	10 in (25 cm)	6 lb (2.7 kg)	12 lb (5.4 kg)[25]
Kooikerhondje		Netherlands	14 in (36 cm)	16 in (41 cm)	20 lb (9.1 kg)	24 lb (11 kg)[26]
Markiesje	Dutch tulip dog	Netherlands	12.5 in (32 cm)	15.5 in (39 cm)	13 lb (5.9 kg)	18 lb (8.2 kg)
Papillon	Continental Toy Spaniel, Épagneul Nain Continental	France	8 in (20 cm)	11 in (28 cm)[27]	5 lb (2.3 kg)	10 lb (4.5 kg)[28]
Phalène	Continental Toy Spaniel, Épagneul Nain Continental	Belgium	8 in (20 cm)	11 in (28 cm)	5 lb (2.3 kg)	10 lb (4.5 kg)[29]
Picardy Spaniel	Épagneul Picard	France	22 in (56 cm)	23.5 in (60 cm)	44 lb (20 kg)	55 lb (25 kg)[30]
Pont-Audemer Spaniel	Épagneul Pont-Audemer	France	20 in (51 cm)	23 in (58 cm)[31]	40 lb (18 kg)	53 lb (24 kg)[32]
Russian Spaniel	Russian hunting spaniel (Русский охотничий спаниель)	Russia	15 in (38 cm)	17 in (43 cm)	28 lb (13 kg)	40 lb (18 kg)[33]
Stabyhoun	Frisian Pointer dog	Netherlands	19.6 in (50 cm)	21 in (53 cm)	30 lb (14 kg)	50 lb (23 kg)[34]
Sussex Spaniel		England	13 in (33 cm)	15 in (38 cm)	35 lb (16 kg)	44 lb (20 kg)[35]
Welsh Springer Spaniel		Wales	17 in (43 cm)	19 in (48 cm)	35 lb (16 kg)	55 lb (25 kg)[36]

Extinct

Type of Spaniel	Country/region of origin	Period of extinction	Image
Alpine Spaniel	Switzerland	1830s
English Water Spaniel	England	1930s
Norfolk Spaniel	England	1902
Toy Trawler Spaniel	United Kingdom	1920s
Tweed Water Spaniel	England	19th century

Misnamed

The following breeds are not true spaniels, but are named as such due to their resemblance to the spaniels.

Type of Spaniel	Also known as	Country/region of origin	Min. height	Max. height	Min. weight	Max. weight	Image
Japanese Chin	Japanese Spaniel	Japan	09 in (23 cm)	10 in (25 cm)	04 lb (1.8 kg)	11 lb (5.0 kg)[37]
Pekingese	Chinese Spaniel[38]	China	08 in (20 cm)	09 in (23 cm)	08 lb (3.6 kg)	14 lb (6.4 kg)[39]
Tibetan Spaniel		Tibet[40]	09 in (23 cm)	11 in (28 cm)	09 lb (4.1 kg)	15 lb (6.8 kg)[41]

See also

Book: Spaniel

• 
  Alanorarius, a keeper of spaniels


• Hunting dog


• 
  List of dog types for a list of dog types


• 
  List of dog breeds for a complete list of breeds

Notes

References

• 
  Fogle, Bruce (2006). Dogs (EYEWITNESS COMPANION GUIDES). DK Adult. ISBN 978-0-7566-1692-2.
  


• 
  Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs: The Definitive Reference to 300 Breeds and Varieties. Howell Book House. ISBN 978-0-470-00921-5.
  


• 
  Smith, Steve (2002). The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen. Willow Creek Press. ISBN 978-1-57223-501-4.
  

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spaniels.

• Journal "Spaniel" (rus) / journalspaniel.ru


• Journal "Spaniel" (eng) / spanieljournal.com