List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes
Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP 
Damage in Long Beach, Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina.
This is a list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes. Hurricanes, as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), are tropical cyclones—a warm-core, non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone, originating over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized deep convection and a closed surface wind circulation about a well-defined center—in the Atlantic, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or eastern Pacific, in which the maximum 1-minute sustained surface wind exceeds 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h) or greater. The list includes each of the most damaging hurricanes recorded, and it depicts the severity of the damage each system has caused. Typically, if a hurricane has caused significant damage to a particular location, its name is retired so that it will not be re-used as a name for any future hurricanes. The costliest tropical cyclone on record in the Atlantic is held jointly by hurricanes Katrina and Harvey, both of which resulted in $125 billion in property damage during the year they occurred. Hurricane Karl was the costliest storm that did not have its name retired.
A majority of the costliest Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history have peaked as major hurricanes. However, weaker tropical cyclones can still cause widespread damage. Both tropical storms Allison in 2001 and Lee in 2011 caused over a billion dollars in damage. Flooding typically accounts for about 60% of all of a storm's damages, and this is reflected in the list with Harvey and Florence, which produced catastrophic rainfall; and with Katrina, Ike, and Sandy which produced devastating storm surges. Wind damage encompasses a large portion of storm damage as well, evidenced by Andrew, Charley, Irma, Maria and Michael. Due to their excessive damage, the names of tropical cyclones accruing at least $1 billion in damage are usually retired by the World Meteorological Organization, but this is not always the case. Hurricane Juan in 1985 was the first hurricane to cause at least a billion in damage and not be retired; its name was retired on a later usage in 2003 that did not cause over a billion in damage. Since Juan, eight tropical cyclones that caused at least a billion in damage were not retired, the most notable of which Hurricane Karl which incurred $3.9 billion in damage, and the most recent of which being Hurricane Isaac in 2012.
The first hurricane to cause at least $1 billion in damage was Hurricane Betsy in 1965, which caused much of its damage in southeastern Louisiana. Four years later, Hurricane Camille caused over $1 billion in damage as it ravaged Louisiana and Mississippi at landfall, and Virginia after moving inland. After the 1960s, each decade saw an increase in tropical cyclones causing at least a billion in damage over the last, due to increasing urban development and population. In the 1970s, four hurricanes caused at least a billion in damage; the costliest of which was Hurricane Agnes, which caused $2.1 billion in damage. The following decade featured seven hurricanes causing at least a billion in damage. In the 1990s, twelve tropical cyclones accrued at least a billion in damage, including Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The system greatly exceeded the damage figure of any preceding tropical cyclone, causing $27.3 billion in damage, mostly in South Florida. Nineteen tropical cyclones in the 2000s caused at least $1 billion in damage. The 2005 season had six billion-dollar hurricanes, the most of any season on record. Hurricanes Ivan in 2004 and Irma in 2017 caused at least $1 billion in damage in four separate countries. Thus far in the 2010s, twelve storms have caused at least $1 billion in damage, the most recent of which is Hurricane Michael, which accrued at least $5.18 billion in damage.
Overall costliest
This list ranks tropical cyclones within the Atlantic that have accrued at least US$1 billion in damage, based on their nominal USD damage totals. Because these numbers have not been adjusted for inflation, nor adjusted for changes in population and wealth in coastal counties, the costliness of recent hurricanes is artificially inflated compared to hurricanes of the past. This makes it hard to accurately compare the damage inflicted by hurricanes over time.
Was the costliest Atlantic hurricane at the time it dissipated
Indicates that the storm name was not retired after its usage
| Name | Damage (Billions USD) | Season | Storm classification at peak intensity | Areas affected | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Katrina | $125.0 | 2005 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [1][2] |
Harvey | $125.0 | 2017 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [2][3] |
Maria | $91.6 | 2017 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [2] |
Sandy | $68.7 | 2012 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [2][4] |
Irma | $64.8 | 2017 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [2] |
Ike | $38.0 | 2008 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5][6][7] |
Wilma | $27.4 | 2005 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [8][9][10][11] |
Andrew | $27.3 | 1992 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [5][12] |
Ivan | $26.1 | 2004 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [5][13][14] |
Rita | $18.5 | 2005 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [15] |
Charley | $16.9 | 2004 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [16][5] |
Florence | >$16.7 | 2018 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [17] |
Matthew | $15.1 | 2016 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [18][19] |
Irene | $14.2 | 2011 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [20][21][22] |
Frances | $10.1 | 2004 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5][13][23][24] |
Hugo | $9.47 | 1989 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [5][25] |
Georges | $9.37 | 1998 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [2][26][27][28][29][30] |
Allison | $8.5 | 2001 | Tropical storm |
| [5][31] |
Gustav | $8.31 | 2008 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5][6] |
Jeanne | $7.94 | 2004 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [5][13][32][33] |
Floyd | $6.5 | 1999 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5][34] |
Mitch | $6.08 | 1998 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [35][36][37] |
Isabel | $5.5 | 2003 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [5][38] |
Michael | >$5.18 | 2018 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5][39] |
Fran | $5.0 | 1996 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [5] |
Opal | $4.7 | 1995 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5][40] |
Stan | $3.96 | 2005 | Category 1 hurricane |
| [32][41] |
Karl | $3.9 | 2010 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [42] |
Dennis | $3.98 | 2005 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5][8][43] |
Isaac | $3.11 | 2012 | Category 1 hurricane |
| [44] |
Alicia | $3.0 | 1983 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [45] |
Gilbert | $2.98 | 1988 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [46] |
Luis | $2.97 | 1995 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [40] |
Lee | $2.8 | 2011 | Tropical storm |
| [47] |
Michelle | $2.35 | 2001 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [28][31] |
Marilyn | $2.1 | 1995 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [5][40] |
Agnes | $2.1 | 1972 | Category 1 hurricane |
| [5][48] |
Dean | $1.95 | 2007 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [32][49] |
Joan | $1.87 | 1988 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [46] |
Fifi | $1.8 | 1974 | Category 2 hurricane |
| [50][51] |
Frederic | $1.77 | 1979 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [52] |
Dolly | $1.6 | 2008 | Category 2 hurricane |
| [6] |
Allen | $1.57 | 1980 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [32][53][54] |
David | $1.54 | 1979 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [32][52] |
Alex | $1.52 | 2010 | Category 2 hurricane |
| [55][56][57][58] |
Juan | $1.5 | 1985 | Category 1 hurricane |
| [5] |
Bob | $1.5 | 1991 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [59] |
Roxanne | $1.5 | 1995 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [40] |
Ingrid | $1.5 | 2013 | Category 1 hurricane |
| [5] |
Betsy | $1.43 | 1965 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5] |
Camille | $1.43 | 1969 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [5] |
Elena | $1.3 | 1985 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [60] |
Isidore | $1.28 | 2002 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [61][62] |
Lili | $1.16 | 2002 | Category 4 hurricane |
| [5] |
Alberto | $1.03 | 1994 | Tropical storm |
| [47] |
Emily | $1.01 | 2005 | Category 5 hurricane |
| [2] |
Bonnie | $1.0 | 1998 | Category 3 hurricane |
| [2] |
See also
- List of tropical cyclones
- List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Atlantic hurricane records
- List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
- List of Pacific hurricanes
- Template:Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes
References
^ Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R; Brown, Daniel P; National Hurricane Center (December 20, 2005). Hurricane Katrina: August 23 – 30, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 4, 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ abcdefgh Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. January 12, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
^ Blake, Eric S; Zelinsky, David A (January 23, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Harvey: August 17 – September 1, 2017 (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
^ Blake, Eric S; Kimberlain, Todd B; Berg, Robert J; Cangialosi, John P; Beven II, John L; National Hurricane Center (February 12, 2013). Hurricane Sandy: October 22 – 29, 2012 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ abc Brown, Daniel P; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S (May 1, 2010). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 138 (5): 1975–2001. Bibcode:2010MWRv..138.1975B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR3174.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Berg, Robbie; National Hurricane Center (January 23, 2009). Hurricane Ike: November 5 - 9, 2008 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ ab Beven, John L; Avila, Lixion A; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; Franklin, James L; Knabb, Richard D; Pasch, Richard J; Rhome, Jamie R; Stewart, Stacy R (March 1, 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2006). "Resumen del Huracán "Wilma"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Royster, Amy (December 4, 2005). "Wilma's Waves Devastate Grand Bahama Communities". Palm Beach Post.
(subscription required)
^ "Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars: Cuban government". Relief Web. Agence France-Presse. December 4, 2005. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Rappaport, Edward N; National Hurricane Center (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew: August 16 – 28 (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
^ abc Hurricane Committee (August 12, 2005). Twenty-seventh Session (March 31 to April 5, 2005) (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Stewart, Stacy R; National Hurricane Center (December 16, 2004). Hurricane Ivan September 2 – 24, 2004 (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Knabb, Richard D; Brown, Daniel P; Rhome, Jamie R; National Hurricane Center (March 17, 2006). Hurricane Rita: September 18 - 26, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Pasch, Richard J; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; National Hurricane Center (October 18, 2004). Hurricane Charley August 9 - 15 (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Tom Sawyer (October 24, 2018). "North Carolina Tallies $12.7 Billion Toll from Hurricane Florence". Engineering News-Record. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
^ "Hurricane Matthew economic damage nears $6 billion". USA Today. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
^ http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20170117-ab-if-annual-climate-catastrophe-report.pdf
^ Avila, Lixion A; Cangialosi, John (December 14, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irene: August 21 – 28, 2011 (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ Fieser, Erza (August 25, 2011). "Hurricane Irene barrels toward US as Caribbean islands take stock of damage". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ Telling the Weather Story (PDF) (Report). Insurance Bureau of Canada. June 4, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ Beven II, John L; National Hurricane Center (December 17, 2004). "Hurricane Frances August 24 – September 10" (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan & Jeanne Caribbean Impact (PDF) (Speciality Property Briefing). Guy Carpenter and Company. August 12, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Case, Bob; Mayfield, Max (May 1, 1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 118 (5): 1165, 1175. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Guiney, John L; National Hurricane Center (January 5, 1999). Hurricane Georges: September 15 - October 1, 1998 (PDF) (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
^ Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (October 8, 1998). Eastern Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Haiti — Hurricane Georges Fact Sheet #9, Fiscal Year (FY) 1999 (Report). United States Agency for International Development. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
^ ab Pielke, Roger A; Rubiera, Jose; Landsea, Christopher; Fernández, Mario L; Klein, Roberta (August 1, 2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). Natural Hazards Review. 4 (3): 101–114. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(101). ISSN 1527-6988. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (March 22, 1999). Caribbean — Hurricane Georges Situation Report No. 3 (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ Pan American Health Organisation (November 25, 1998). "Impact of Hurricane Georges on health sector response". Pan American Health Organisation. Archived from the original on January 14, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ ab Beven, John L; Stewart, Stacy R; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J (July 1, 2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 131 (7): 1454–1484. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.1454B. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ abcde Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database". Université catholique de Louvain. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
^ Lawrence, Miles B; Cobb, Hugh D; National Hurricane Center (November 22, 2004). Hurricane Jeanne: September 13 – 28 (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, Jack L; Franklin, James L; Guiney, John L; Pasch, Richard J (December 1, 2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1999" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 129 (12): 3057–3084. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129.3057L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3057:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived from the original on April 10, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
^ National Climatic Data Center (1999). Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- Costa Rica". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- El Salvador". Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
^ Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Stewart, Stacy R (June 1, 2005). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2003". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 133 (6): 1744–1773. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133.1744L. doi:10.1175/MWR2940.1. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Cite error: The named reference2018 AHSwas invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcd Lawrence, Miles B; Mayfield, Britt M; Avila, Lixion A; Pasch, Richard J; Rappaport, Edward N (May 1, 1998). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1995". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 126 (5): 1124–1151. Bibcode:1998MWRv..126.1124L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1124:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
^ Pasch, Richard J; Roberts, David P; National Hurricane Center (February 4, 2006). Hurricane Stan: October 1 - 5, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Annual Global Climate and Catastrophe Report: Impact Forecasting—2010 (PDF) (Report). AON Benefield. 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Church World Service (August 23, 2005). "CWS emergency appeal: Cuba/Hurricane Dennis response". Relief Web. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Berg, Robbie; National Hurricane Center (January 28, 2013). Hurricane Isaac August 21 – September 1, 2012 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ "Hurricane Alicia: Prediction, Damage & Recovery Efforts" (PDF). Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment. 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ ab Lawrence, Miles B; Gross, James M (October 1, 1989). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 117 (10): 2248–2259. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2248L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2248:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ ab U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (Report). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
^ Simpson, Robert H; Hebert, Paul J (April 1, 1973). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 101 (4): 326. Bibcode:1973MWRv..101..323S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0323:AHSO>2.3.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
^ Brennan, Michael J; Knabb, Richard D; Mainelli, Michelle; Kimberlain, Todd B (December 1, 2009). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 137 (12): 4061–4088. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.4061B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR2995.1. Archived from the original on October 15, 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ "Aid Efforts Start For Honduras, Fifi Deaths Soar". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 24, 1974. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
^ Rappaport, Edward N; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose; National Hurricane Center (January 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 7; 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
^ ab Hebert, Paul J (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 108 (7): 973, 976. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
^ Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (July 1, 1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 109 (7): 1567–1582. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109.1567L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
^ National Hurricane Center. Hurricane Allen July 31 – August 11 (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 1–6. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
^ Escamilla Martínez, Josué (July 17, 2010). "Más de mil mdp daño preliminar por "Alex": EHF". El Diario (in Spanish). Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
^ Padilla Sada, Eduardo (August 5, 2010). "Rebasan pronósticos: Daños por 17 mil mdp" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
^ Fernández Valverde, Hilda (June 30, 2010). "Habrá clases en Coahuila, pese a Alex". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ Pasch, Richard J; National Hurricane Center (December 15, 2010). Hurricane Alex: June 25 – July 2, 2010 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Pasch, Richard J; Avila, Lixion A (November 1, 1992). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1991". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 120 (11): 2671. Bibcode:1992MWRv..120.2671P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2671:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
^ Case, Robert A (July 1, 1986). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1985" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 114 (7): 1390, 1395. Bibcode:1986MWRv..114.1390C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1390:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
^ Pasch, Richard J; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Stewart, Stacy R (July 1, 2004). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2002". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 132 (7): 1829–1859 [1854]. Bibcode:2004MWRv..132.1829P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1829:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ Tabla 10. Principales desastres naturales, 1980–2005 (PDF). El Almanaque Mexicano 2008. Sergio Aguayo. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 2, 2013.