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Christopher Isherwood
Christopher Isherwood in 1973
Born	Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood (1904-08-26)26 August 1904 Wyberslegh Hall, High Lane, Cheshire, UK
Died	4 January 1986(1986-01-04) (aged 81) Santa Monica, California, US
Occupation	Novelist
Language	English
Citizenship	British (until 1946) American (from 1946)
Education	Repton School, Derbyshire
Alma mater	Corpus Christi College, Cambridge King's College London
Partner	Heinz Neddermeyer (1932–37) Don Bachardy (1953–86)
Signature

Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood (26 August 1904 – 4 January 1986) was an English-American novelist.^[1][2] His best-known works include The Berlin Stories (1935–39), two semi-autobiographical novellas inspired by Isherwood's time in Weimar Republic Germany. These enhanced his postwar reputation when they were adapted first into the play I Am a Camera (1951), then the 1955 film of the same name, I am a Camera; much later (1966) into the bravura stage musical Cabaret which was acclaimed on Broadway, and Bob Fosse's inventive re-creation for the film Cabaret (1972). His novel A Single Man was published in 1964 and adapted into the film of the same name in 2009.

Early life and work

Isherwood was born in 1904 on his family's estate close to the Cheshire–Derbyshire border.^[3] He was the elder son of Francis Edward Bradshaw Isherwood (1869–1915), known as Frank, a professional officer in the York and Lancaster Regiment who fought in the Boer War and was killed in the First World War, and his wife Kathleen (née Machell Smith; 1868–1960), whose family were successful merchants.^[4] Frank Isherwood was the son of John Henry Isherwood, head of the landed gentry family of Isherwood of Marple Hall and Wyberslegh Hall, Cheshire, and a descendant of the regicide John Bradshaw.^[5] The Isherwood family estates came into their possession on the marriage of Mary Bradshaw (of the family that had held them for centuries) to Nathaniel Isherwood, a felt-maker from Bolton, Lancashire, in the early 1700s.^[6][7]

Repton School

At Repton School in Derbyshire, Isherwood met his lifelong friend Edward Upward with whom he wrote the extravagant "Mortmere" stories, of which one was published during his lifetime, a few others appeared after his death, and others he summarised in Lions and Shadows. He deliberately failed his tripos and left Corpus Christi College, Cambridge without a degree in 1925. For the next few years he lived with violinist André Mangeot, worked as secretary to Mangeot's string quartet and studied medicine. During this time he wrote a book of nonsense poems, People One Ought to Know, with illustrations by Mangeot's eleven-year-old son, Sylvain. It was not published until 1982.

In 1925 A. S. T. Fisher reintroduced him to W. H. Auden,^[8][9][10] and Isherwood became Auden's literary mentor and partner in an intermittent, casual liaison. Auden sent his poems to Isherwood for comment and approval. Through Auden, Isherwood met Stephen Spender, with whom he later spent much time in Germany. His first novel, All the Conspirators, appeared in 1928. It was an anti-heroic story, written in a pastiche of many modernist novelists, about a young man who is defeated by his mother. In 1928–29 Isherwood studied medicine at King's College London, but gave up his studies after six months to join Auden for a few weeks in Berlin.

Rejecting his upper class background and embracing his attraction to men, he remained in Berlin, the capital of the young Weimar Republic, drawn by its reputation for sexual freedom. There, he "fully indulged his taste for pretty youths. He went to Berlin in search of boys and found one called Heinz, who became his first great love."^[11] Commenting on John Henry Mackay's Der Puppenjunge (The Pansy), Isherwood wrote: "It gives a picture of the Berlin sexual underworld early in this century which I know, from my own experience, to be authentic."^[12]

In 1931 he met Jean Ross, the inspiration for his fictional character Sally Bowles. He also met Gerald Hamilton, the inspiration for the fictional Mr Norris. In September 1931 the poet William Plomer introduced him to E. M. Forster. They became close and Forster served as his mentor. Isherwood's second novel, The Memorial (1932), was another story of conflict between mother and son, based closely on his own family history. During one of his return trips to London he worked with the director Berthold Viertel on the film Little Friend, an experience that became the basis of his novel Prater Violet (1945). He worked as a private tutor in Berlin and elsewhere while writing the novel Mr Norris Changes Trains (1935) and a short novel called Goodbye to Berlin (1939), often published together in a collection called The Berlin Stories. These works provided the inspiration for the play I Am a Camera (1951), the 1955 film I am a Camera (both starring Julie Harris), Yes/Buggles' song "Into the Lens/I am a Camera" (1980), the Broadway musical Cabaret (1966) and the film (1972) of the same name. In 1932 he met and fell in love with a young German man named Heinz Neddermeyer.^[13]

After leaving Berlin in 1933, he and Heinz moved around Europe, and lived in Copenhagen, Sintra and elsewhere. Heinz was arrested as a draft-evader in 1937 following his brief return to Nazi Germany after he was ejected from Luxembourg as an "undesirable alien". Convicted of "reciprocal onanism",^[14] he was sentenced to six months in prison, a year of state labour and two years of compulsory military service.^[15] Isherwood collaborated on three plays with Auden: The Dog Beneath the Skin (1935), The Ascent of F6 (1936), and On the Frontier (1939). Isherwood wrote a lightly fictionalised autobiographical account of his childhood and youth, Lions and Shadows (1938), using the title of an abandoned novel. Auden and Isherwood traveled to China in 1938 to gather material for their book on the Sino-Japanese War called Journey to a War (1939). In 1939, Auden and Isherwood set sail for the United States on temporary visas, a controversial move, later regarded by some as a flight from danger on the eve of war in Europe.^[16]Evelyn Waugh, in his novel Put Out More Flags (1942), included a caricature of Auden and Isherwood as "two despicable poets, Parsnip and Pimpernel", who flee to America to avoid the Second World War.^[17]

Life in the United States

Christopher Isherwood (left) and W. H. Auden (right), photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1939

Don Bachardy at nineteen (1954), photographed by Carl Van Vechten

While living in Hollywood, California, Isherwood befriended Truman Capote, an up-and-coming young writer who would be influenced by Isherwood's Berlin Stories, most specifically in the traces of the story "Sally Bowles" that surface in Capote's famed novella, Breakfast at Tiffany's.^[18]

Isherwood also had a close friendship with the British writer Aldous Huxley, with whom he sometimes collaborated. Gerald Heard had introduced Huxley to Vedanta (Upanishad-centered philosophy) and meditation. Huxley became a Vedantist in the circle of Hindu Swami Prabhavananda, and introduced Isherwood to the Swami's Vedanta circle.^[19] Isherwood became a convinced Vedantist himself and adopted Prabhavananda as his own guru, visiting the Swami every Wednesday for the next 35 years and collaborating with him on a translation of the Bhagavad Gita.^[20] The process of conversion to Vedanta was so intense that Isherwood was unable to write another novel between the years 1939-1945, while he immersed himself in study of the Vedas.^[21]

Isherwood also befriended Dodie Smith, a British novelist and playwright who had also moved to California, and who became one of the few people to whom Isherwood showed his work in progress.^[22]

Isherwood considered becoming an American citizen in 1945 but balked at taking an oath that included the statement that he would defend the country. The next year he applied for citizenship and answered questions honestly, saying he would accept non-combatant duties like loading ships with food. The fact that he had volunteered for service with the Medical Corps helped as well. At the naturalisation ceremony, he found he was required to swear to defend the nation and decided to take the oath since he had already stated his objections and reservations. He became an American citizen on 8 November 1946.^[23]

He began living with the photographer William "Bill" Caskey. In 1947, the two traveled to South America. Isherwood wrote the prose and Caskey took the photographs for a 1949 book about their journey entitled The Condor and the Cows.

On Valentine's Day 1953, at the age of 48, he met teenaged Don Bachardy among a group of friends on the beach at Santa Monica. Reports of Bachardy's age at the time vary, but Bachardy later said, "At the time I was probably 16."^[24]. In fact, he was 18.^[25] Despite the age difference, this meeting began a partnership that, though interrupted by affairs and separations, continued until the end of Isherwood's life.^[26]

During the early months of their affair, Isherwood finished—and Bachardy typed—the novel on which he had worked for some years, The World in the Evening (1954). Isherwood also taught a course on modern English literature at Los Angeles State College (now California State University, Los Angeles) for several years during the 1950s and early 1960s.

The 30-year age difference between Isherwood and Bachardy raised eyebrows at the time, with Bachardy, in his own words, "regarded as a sort of child prostitute,"^[27] but the two became a well-known and well-established couple in Southern Californian society with many Hollywood friends.

Down There on a Visit, a novel published in 1962, comprised four related stories that overlap the period covered in his Berlin stories. In the opinion of many reviewers, Isherwood's finest achievement was his 1964 novel A Single Man, that depicted a day in the life of George, a middle-aged, gay Englishman who is a professor at a Los Angeles university.^[28] The novel was adapted into the film, A Single Man, in 2009. During 1964 Isherwood collaborated with American writer Terry Southern on the screenplay for the Tony Richardson film adaptation of The Loved One, Evelyn Waugh's caustic satire on the American funeral industry.

Isherwood and Bachardy lived together in Santa Monica for the rest of Isherwood's life. Isherwood was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1981, and died of the disease on 4 January 1986 at his Santa Monica home, aged 81. His body was donated to medical science at UCLA, and his ashes were later scattered at sea.^[29] Bachardy became a successful artist with an independent reputation, and his portraits of the dying Isherwood became well known after Isherwood's death.^[30]

Plaque, Nollendorfstraße 17. Christopher Isherwood lived here between March 1929 and January/February 1933.

Later recognition

• The house in the Schöneberg district of Berlin where Isherwood lived bears a memorial plaque to mark his stay there between 1929 and 1933.


• The 2008 film Chris & Don: A Love Story chronicled Isherwood and Bachardy's lifelong relationship.


• 
  A Single Man was adapted into a film A Single Man in 2009.


• In 2010 Isherwood's autobiography, Christopher and His Kind, was adapted into a television film by the BBC, starring Matt Smith as Isherwood and directed by Geoffrey Sax.^[31] It was broadcast in France and Germany on the Arte channel in February 2011, and in Britain on BBC 2 the following month.

Works

• 
  All the Conspirators (1928; new edition 1957 with new foreword)


• 
  The Memorial (1932)


• 
  Mr Norris Changes Trains (1935; U.S. edition titled The Last of Mr Norris)


• 
  The Dog Beneath the Skin (1935, with W. H. Auden)


• 
  The Ascent of F6 (1937, with W. H. Auden)


• 
  Sally Bowles (1937; later included in Goodbye to Berlin)


• 
  On the Frontier (1938, with W. H. Auden)


• 
  Lions and Shadows (1938, autobiography)


• 
  Goodbye to Berlin (1939)


• 
  Journey to a War (1939, with W. H. Auden)


• 
  Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God (1944, with Prabhavananda)


• 
  Vedanta for Modern Man (1945)


• 
  Prater Violet (1945)


• 
  The Berlin Stories (1945; contains Mr Norris Changes Trains and Goodbye to Berlin; reissued as The Berlin of Sally Bowles, 1975)


• 
  Vedanta for the Western World (Unwin Books, London, 1949, ed. and contributor)


• 
  The Condor and the Cows (1949, South-American travel diary)


• 
  What Vedanta Means to Me (1951, pamphlet)


• 
  The World in the Evening (1954)


• 
  Down There on a Visit (1962)


• 
  An Approach to Vedanta (1963)


• 
  A Single Man (1964)


• 
  Ramakrishna and His Disciples (1965)


• 
  Exhumations (1966; journalism and stories)


• 
  A Meeting by the River (1967)


• 
  Essentials of Vedanta (1969)


• 
  Kathleen and Frank (1971, about Isherwood's parents)


• 
  Frankenstein: The True Story (1973, with Don Bachardy; based on their 1973 film script)


• 
  Christopher and His Kind (1976, autobiography), published by Sylvester & Orphanos
  


• 
  My Guru and His Disciple (1980)


• 
  October (1980, with Don Bachardy)


• 
  The Mortmere Stories (with Edward Upward) (1994)


• 
  Where Joy Resides: An Isherwood Reader (1989; Don Bachardy and James P. White, eds.)


• 
  Diaries: 1939–1960, Katherine Bucknell, ed. (1996)


• 
  Jacob's Hands: A Fable (1997) originally co-written with Aldous Huxley
  


• 
  Lost Years: A Memoir 1945–1951, Katherine Bucknell, ed. (2000)


• 
  Lions and Shadows (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000)


• 
  Kathleen and Christopher, Lisa Colletta, ed. (Letters to his mother, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press], 2005)


• 
  Isherwood on Writing (University of Minnesota Press, 2007)


• 
  The Sixties: Diaries:1960-1969 Katherine Bucknell, ed. 2010


• 
  Liberation: Diaries:1970-1983 Katherine Bucknell, ed. 2012


• 
  The Animals: Love Letters Between Christopher Isherwood and Don Bachardy, Edited by Katherine Bucknell (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014)

Translations

• 
  Charles Baudelaire, Intimate Journals (1930; revised edition 1947)


• 
  The Song of God: Bhagavad-Gita (with Swami Prabhavananda, 1944)


• 
  Shankara's Crest-Jewel of Discrimination (with Swami Prabhavananda, 1947)


• 
  How to Know God: The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali (with Swami Prabhavananda, 1953)

Work on Vedanta and the West

Vedanta and the West was the official publication of the Vedanta Society of Southern California. It offered essays by many of the leading intellectuals of the time and had contributions from Aldous Huxley, Gerald Heard, Alan Watts, J. Krishnamurti, W. Somerset Maugham, and many others. Isherwood was Managing Editor from 1943 until 1945. Together with Huxley and Heard, he served on the Editorial Advisory Board from 1951 until 1962.

Isherwood wrote the following articles that appeared in Vedanta and the West:

In 1948 several articles from Vedanta and the West were issued in book form as Vedanta for the Western World. Isherwood edited the selection and provided an introduction and three articles ("Hypothesis and Belief," "Vivekananda and Sarah Bernhardt," "The Gita and War"). Other contributors included Aldous Huxley, Gerald Heard, Swami Prabhavananda, Swami Vivekananda et al.

Audio and video recordings

• 
  Christopher Isherwood reads selections from the Bhagavad Gita – CD^[32]


• 
  Christopher Isherwood reads selections from the Upanishads – CD^[32]


• Lecture on Girish Ghosh – CD^[33][34]


• 
  Christopher Isherwood Reads Two Lectures on the Bhagavad Gita by Swami Vivekananda – DVD

See also

• 
  LGBT portal
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Fryer, Jonathan (1977), Isherwood: A Biography, Garden City, NY, Doubleday & Company.
  ISBN 0-385-12608-5.

Further reading

• Berg, James J. and Freeman, Chris eds, Conversations with Christopher Isherwood (2001)


• Berg, James J. and Freeman, Chris eds. The Isherwood century: essays on the life and work of Christopher Isherwood (2000)


• Finney, Brian. Christopher Isherwood: A Critical Biography (1979)


• Marsh, Victor. Mr Isherwood Changes Trains: Christopher Isherwood and the search for the 'home self (2010) Clouds of Magellen
  ISBN 9780980712056
  


• Page, Norman. Auden and Isherwood: The Berlin Years (2000)


• Parker, Peter. Isherwood: A Life (2004)


• Prosser, Lee. Isherwood, Bowles, Vedanta, Wicca, and Me (2001)
  ISBN 0-595-20284-5
  


• Prosser, Lee. Night Tigers (2002)
  ISBN 0-595-21739-7
  

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Christopher Isherwood

• 
  Christopher Isherwood on IMDb


• 
  Christopher Isherwood at the Internet Broadway Database


• 
  Christopher Isherwood at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
  


• 
  Summers, Claude J. "Isherwood, Christopher (1904-1986)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  


• 
  Summers, Claude J. (1 February 2010). "A Single Man: Ford's Film / Isherwood's Novel". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  


• 
  Isherwood Exhibit at the Huntington Archived 25 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine.


• 
  W.I. Scobie (Spring 1974). "Christopher Isherwood, The Art of Fiction No. 49". The Paris Review.
  


• LitWeb.net: Christopher Isherwood Biography


• Christopher Isherwood Foundation


• 
  Christopher Isherwood Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
  


• 
  "Huxley on Huxley". Dir. Mary Ann Braubach. Cinedigm, 2010. DVD.
  


• 
  Where Joy Resides An Isherwood Reader


• 
  "Cabaret Berlin" Information on Christopher Isherwood and the entertainment of the Weimar era