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Games of the XVI Olympiad

Host city	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Nations	72
Athletes	3,314 (2,938 men, 376 women)
Events	151 in 17 sports (23 disciplines)
Opening	22 November
Closing	8 December
Opened by	The Duke of Edinburgh
Athlete's Oath	John Landy
Cauldron	Ron Clarke
Stadium	Melbourne Cricket Ground
Summer
← Helsinki 1952 Rome 1960 →
Winter
← Cortina 1956 Squaw Valley 1960 →

The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in November–December 1956, apart from the equestrian events, which were held five months earlier in Stockholm, Sweden. The 1956 Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the southernmost city to host the games. Equestrian events could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations. This was the second Olympics not to be held entirely in one country, the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics, which Antwerp, Belgium, co-hosted with Amsterdam and Ostend.

Host city selection

Melbourne was selected as the host city over bids from Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Montreal and six American cities on 28 April 1949, at the 43rd IOC Session in Rome, Italy.^[1]

1956 Summer Olympics bidding results[2]
City	Country	Round 1	Round 2	Round 3	Round 4
Melbourne	Australia	14	18	19	21
Buenos Aires	Argentina	9	12	13	20
Los Angeles	United States	5	4	5	—
Detroit	United States	2	4	4	—
Mexico City	Mexico	9	3	—	—
Chicago	United States	1	—	—	—
Minneapolis	United States	1	—	—	—
Philadelphia	United States	1	—	—	—
San Francisco	United States	0	—	—	—
Montreal	Canada	0	—	—	—

Prelude

Many members of the IOC were sceptical about Melbourne as an appropriate site. Its location in the Southern Hemisphere was a major concern, since the reversal of seasons would mean the Games must be held during the northern winter. The November–December schedule was thought likely to inconvenience athletes from the Northern Hemisphere, who were accustomed to resting during their winter.^{[citation needed]}

Notwithstanding these concerns, the field of candidates eventually narrowed to two Southern Hemisphere cities, these being Melbourne and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Melbourne was selected, in 1949, to host the 1956 Olympics by a one-vote margin. The first sign of trouble was the revelation that Australian equine quarantine would prevent the country from hosting the equestrian events.^{[citation needed]} Stockholm was selected as the alternative site, so equestrian competition began on 10 June, five and a half months before the rest of the Olympic Games were to open, half a world away.

The above problems of the Melbourne Games were compounded by bickering over financing among Australian politicians. Faced with a housing shortage, the Premier of Victoria (Henry Bolte) refused to allocate money for the Olympic Village (eventually sited in Heidelberg West), and the country's Prime Minister (Robert Menzies) barred the use of federal funds.^{[citation needed]}

At one point, IOC President Avery Brundage suggested that Rome, which was to host the 1960 Games, was so far ahead of Melbourne in preparations that it might be ready as a replacement site in 1956.

As late as April 1955, Brundage was still doubtful about Melbourne, and was not satisfied by an inspection trip to the city. Construction was well under way by then, thanks to a $4.5 million federal loan to Victoria, but it was behind schedule. He still held out the possibility that Rome might have to step in.

By the beginning of 1956, though, it was obvious that Melbourne would be ready for the Olympics.^[3]

Participation and boycotts

Countries boycotting the 1956 Games are shaded blue

Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon announced that they would not participate in the Olympics in response to the Suez Crisis when Egypt was invaded by Israel, the United Kingdom, and France after Egypt nationalised the Suez canal. Meanwhile, in 1956 the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian Revolution, and the Soviet presence at the Games led to the withdrawal of the Netherlands, Cambodia, Spain, and Switzerland.

Less than two weeks before the 22 November opening ceremony, the People's Republic of China chose to boycott the event because the Republic of China had been allowed to compete.

Although the number of countries participating (67) was almost the same as in 1952 (69), the number of athletes competing dropped sharply, from 4,925 to 3,342. (This figure does not include the 158 athletes from 29 countries who took part in the Stockholm equestrian competition.)

Events

Once underway, the Games unfolded smoothly, and became known as the "Friendly Games". Betty Cuthbert, an 18-year-old from Sydney, won the 100 and 200 metre sprint races and ran a great final leg in the 4 x 100 metre relay to overcome Great Britain's lead and claim her third gold medal. The veteran Shirley Strickland repeated in the 80 metre hurdles and also ran on the relay team, running her career total to seven, three golds, a silver, and three bronze medals.

Australia also did well in swimming. They won all of the freestyle races, men's and women's, and collected a total of eight gold, four silver and two bronze medals. Murray Rose became the first male swimmer to win two freestyle events since Johnny Weissmuller in 1924, while Dawn Fraser won gold medals in the 100 metre freestyle and as the leadoff swimmer on the 4 x 100 metre relay team.

United States men dominated track and field. They not only won 15 of 24 events, they swept four of them and finished first and second in five others. Bobby Morrow led the way with gold medals in the 100 and 200 metre dashes and the 4 x 100 metre relay. Tom Courtney barely overtook Great Britain's Derek Johnson in the 800 metre run, then collapsed from the exertion and needed medical attention.

Ireland's Ronnie Delany ran a brilliant 53.8 over the last 400 metres to win the 1,500 metre run, in which favourite John Landy of Australia finished third.

There was a major upset, marred briefly by controversy, in the 3,000 metre steeplechase. Little-known Chris Brasher of Great Britain finished well ahead of the field, but judges announced that he was disqualified for interfering with Norway's Ernst Larsen, and they anointed Sándor Rozsnyói of Hungary as the winner. Brasher's appeal was supported by Larsen, Rozsnyói, and fourth-place finisher Heinz Laufer of Germany. The decision was reversed and Brasher became the first Briton to win a gold medal in track and field since 1936.

Only two world records were set in track and field. Mildred McDaniel, the first American woman to win gold in the sport, set a high jump record of 1.76 metres (5.8 ft), and Egil Danielsen of Norway overcame a troublesome wind with a remarkable javelin throw of 85.71 metres (281.2 ft).

Throughout the Olympics, Hungarian athletes were cheered by fans from Australia and other countries. Many of them gathered in the boxing arena when thirty-year-old Laszlo Papp of Hungary won his third gold medal by beating José Torres for the light-middleweight championship.

A few days later, the crowd was with the Hungarian water polo team in its match against the Soviet Union which took place against the background of the Soviet invasion of Hungary. The game became rough and, when a Hungarian was forced to leave the pool with blood streaming from a cut over his eye, a riot almost broke out. But police restored order and the game was called early, with Hungary leading 4–0. The Hungarians went on to win the gold medal.

In a much publicized Olympic romance, American hammer throw champion Hal Connolly would marry Czechoslovak discus throw champion, Olga Fikotová. After moving to the U.S., Olga wanted to continue representing Czechoslovakia, but the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee refused to allow her to do so.^[4] Thereafter, as Olga Connolly, she took part in every Olympics till 1972^[4] competing for the United States.^[5] She carried the flag for the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Despite the international tensions of 1956 – or perhaps because of them – a young Melburnian, John Ian Wing, came up with a new idea for the closing ceremony. Instead of marching as teams, behind their national flags, the athletes mingled with one another as they paraded into and around the arena for a final appearance before the spectators. That began an Olympic tradition that has been followed ever since.^[6]

Highlights

• These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Avery Brundage.


• Hungary and the Soviet Union (engaged in an armed conflict at the time) were both present at the Games which, among other things, led to a hotly contested and violent water polo encounter between the nations.


• Athletes from both East and West Germany competed in a combined team. This remarkable combination disappeared at the 1968 Summer Olympics.


• Australian athlete Betty Cuthbert became the "Golden Girl" by winning three track gold medals. Her performance was equalled by sprinter Bobby Morrow.


• Another Australian, Murray Rose, won three gold medals in swimming.


• 
  Bobby Morrow of the United States won gold in the 100m, 200m and 4x100m relay.


• 
  Soviet runner Vladimir Kuts won both the 5000m and 10000m.


• Inspired by Australian teenager John Wing, an Olympic tradition began when athletes of different nations are allowed to parade together at the closing ceremony, instead of with their national teams, as a symbol of world unity.

During the Games there will be only one nation. War, politics and nationalities will be forgotten. What more could anybody want if the world could be made one nation.
—Extract from a letter by John Ian Wing to the Olympic organisers, 1956

• 
  Laszlo Papp defended his light-middleweight boxing title, gaining a record third gold.


• 
  Ronnie Delany won gold for Ireland in the 1500m final. It is the last gold medal Ireland has won in a track event.


• The India national field hockey team won its sixth consecutive gold.

Olympic torch relay

Torch relay monument, Cairns

The Olympic flame was relayed to Melbourne after being lit at Olympia on 2 November 1956.

• Greek runners took the flame to Athens.


• The flame was transferred to a miner's lamp then flown by Qantas Super Constellation aircraft "Southern Horizon" to Darwin, Northern Territory.


• A Royal Australian Air Force English Electric Canberra jet bomber flew it to Cairns, Queensland, where it arrived on 9 November 1956.


• The Mayor of Cairns, Alderman W.J. Fulton, lit the first torch.


• The torch design was identical to that used for the 1948 London Games (except for the engraved city name and year).


• The first runner was Con Verevis, a local man of Greek parentage.


• The flame was relayed down the east coast of Australia using diecast aluminium torches weighing about 3 pounds (1.8 kg).


• The flame arrived in Melbourne on 22 November 1956.


• The flame was lit at the stadium by Ron Clarke, who burned his arm in the process.

While the Olympic flame was being carried to Sydney, an Australian veterinary student named Barry Larkin carried a fake Olympic Flame and fooled the mayor of Sydney.^[7]

Sports

The 1956 Summer Olympics featured 17 different sports encompassing 23 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 151 events (145 events in Melbourne and 6 equestrian events in Stockholm).^[8] In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.

Demonstration sports

• 
  Australian football (1)
  


• 
  Baseball (1)
  

Venues

The heritage registered former Olympic Pool (now the Holden Centre), viewed from the Yarra River

Ballarat

• 
  Lake Wendouree – Canoeing, Rowing

Melbourne

• 
  Broadmeadows – Cycling (road)


• 
  Hockey Field – Field hockey


• 
  Melbourne Cricket Ground – Athletics, Field hockey (final), Football (final)


• 
  Oaklands Hunt Club – Modern pentathlon (riding, running)


• 
  Olympic Park Stadium – Football


• 
  Port Phillip Bay – Sailing


• 
  Royal Australian Air Force, Laverton Air Base – Shooting (shotgun)


• 
  Royal Exhibition Building – Basketball (final), Modern pentathlon (fencing), Weightlifting, Wrestling


• 
  St Kilda Town Hall – Fencing


• 
  Swimming/Diving Stadium (Olympic Pool) – Diving, Modern pentathlon (swimming), Swimming, Water polo


• 
  Velodrome – Cycling (track)


• 
  West Melbourne Stadium – Basketball, Boxing, Gymnastics


• 
  Williamstown – Modern pentathlon (shooting), Shooting (pistol, rifle)

Stockholm

• 
  Lill-Jansskogen – Equestrian (eventing)


• 
  Olympic Stadium – Equestrian (dressage, eventing, jumping)


• 
  Ulriksdal – Equestrian (eventing)

Participating National Olympic Committees

Participating countries, those making their début are shown in blue.

Number of athletes per country

A total of 67 nations competed in Melbourne. Cambodia (that competed only in the equestrian events in Stockholm), Ethiopia, Fiji, Kenya, Liberia, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo (modern-day Sabah of Malaysia), and Uganda made their Olympic debut. Athletes from East Germany and West Germany competed together as the United Team of Germany, an arrangement that would last until 1968.

For the first time the team of Republic of China effectively represented only Taiwan.

Egypt did not compete in Melbourne due to the Suez Crisis, whilst Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland all boycotted the Australian event in protest at the Soviet invasion of Hungary.^[9]

Medal count

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1956 Games.

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Soviet Union	37	29	32	98
2	United States	32	25	17	74
3	Australia	13	8	14	35
4	Hungary	9	10	7	26
5	Italy	8	8	9	25
6	Sweden	8	5	6	19
7	United Team of Germany	6	13	7	26
8	Great Britain	6	7	11	24
9	Romania	5	3	5	13
10	Japan	4	10	5	19

Key

  *   Host nation (Australia)

See also

• 1956 Winter Olympics


• Olympic Games celebrated in Australia
  
  • 
    1956 Summer Olympics – Melbourne
    
  
  
  • 
    2000 Summer Olympics – Sydney
    
  
  

• Summer Olympic Games


• Olympic Games


• International Olympic Committee


• List of IOC country codes

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1956 Summer Olympics.

• 
  "Melbourne - Stockholm 1956". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. 
  


• 
  "Results and Medalists — 1956 Summer Olympics". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee.