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Texas Medical Center
Business district and neighborhood of Houston
Aerial view of the Texas Medical Center's main campus looking south from Hermann Park. Brays Bayou is visible at the top of the image.
Coordinates: 29°42′22″N 95°24′32″W / 29.7061789°N 95.408837°W / 29.7061789; -95.408837
Country	United States
State	Texas
County	Harris County
City	Houston
Institution created	1945
Government
• Type	Non-profit corporation
• Body	Texas Medical Center Corporation
Area
• Total	12.8 km2 (4.93 sq mi)
• TMC campus	5.4 km2 (2.10 sq mi)
Population (2012)
• Total	20,866
• Density	1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)
	Figures for the combined Medical Center / Astrodome super neighborhood.
ZIP Code	77030
Area code(s)	281, 346, 713, 832
Website	www.tmc.edu

The Texas Medical Center (TMC) is a 2.1-square-mile (5.4 km²)^[1] medical district and neighborhood in south-central Houston, Texas, immediately south of the Museum District and west of Texas State Highway 288. Over sixty medical institutions, largely concentrated in a triangular area between Brays Bayou, Rice University, and Hermann Park, are members of the Texas Medical Center Corporation—a non-profit umbrella organization—which constitutes the largest medical complex in the world.^[1] The TMC has an extremely high density of clinical facilities for patient care, basic science, and translational research.^[1][2][3]

The Texas Medical Center employs over 106,000 people, hosts 10 million patient encounters annually, and has a gross domestic product of US$25 billion.^[1] Over the decades, the TMC has expanded south of Brays Bayou towards NRG Park, and the organization has developed ambitious plans for a new "innovation campus" south of the river.^[4] The 4.93-square-mile (12.8 km²) Medical Center / Astrodome area, highly populated with medical workers, is home to over 20,000 people.^[5][6]

The TMC is serviced by the METRORail Red Line, a north-south light rail route which connects the district to Downtown Houston and NRG Park.

Overview

The Texas Medical Center contains 54 medicine-related institutions, with 21 hospitals and eight specialty institutions, eight academic and research institutions, four medical schools, seven nursing schools, three public health organizations, two pharmacy schools and a dental school.^[7] All 54 institutions are not-for-profit. Among the affiliated medical schools are the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Baylor College of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and Texas A&M College of Medicine. Some member institutions are located outside the city of Houston.

More heart surgeries are performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world with 13,600 heart surgeries annually. 180,000 annual surgeries are performed. The TMC performs one surgery every three minutes. Over 25,000 babies are delivered each year, more than one baby every 20 minutes. The Texas Medical Center offers over 9,200 total patient beds.^[8]

The Center receives an average of 3,300 patient visits a day, and over eight million annual patient visits, including over 18,000 international patients. The TMC has over 750,000 ER visitors each year. In 2011, the center employed over 106,000 people, including 20,000 physicians, scientists, researchers and other advanced degree professionals in the life sciences.^[9] The TMC has over 160,000 visitors each day.

The Texas Medical Center is home to the largest children's hospital in the world (Texas Children's Hospital), as well as home to the largest cancer hospital in the world (MD Anderson Cancer Center).

History

Founding and early years

Main Street within the Texas Medical Center, viewed from the Baylor College of Medicine (view towards Houston Downtown)

The Texas Medical Center was established in 1945 in part with funds endowed to the M.D. Anderson Foundation by businessman Monroe Dunaway Anderson.^[10] The fund's first gift was a check of $1,000 to the Junior League Eye Fund for eyeglasses. In 1941, the Texas State Legislature granted funds to the University of Texas for the purpose of starting a cancer research hospital. M.D. Anderson Foundation matched the state's gift to the university by supplying funds and land on the condition that the hospital be established in Houston, and named after its founder.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the purchase of 118 acres (0.48 km²) from the estate of local entrepreneur George Hermann (namesake of Hermann Park) in 1944 for the construction of a 1,000-bed naval hospital in Houston. The hospital, later renamed the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, opened in 1946 and became a teaching facility for the Baylor College of Medicine. Also in 1946, several projects were approved for inclusion in the Texas Medical Center including:

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  Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center (whose campus was pre-existing in the district, having been built in the 1920s)


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  Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston Methodist Hospital
  


• The Shriners Crippled Children's' Hospital (now known as Shriners Hospitals for Children)


• The Texas Medical Center Library

M.D. Anderson Hospital for Cancer Research of the University of Texas began construction in 1953. Texas Children's Hospital admitted its first patient in 1954.

During the late 1950s, the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research opened. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston added the Gimbel Research Wing. Texas Woman's University Nursing Program began instruction.

In 1962, the Texas Heart Institute was chartered and became affiliated with Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center (known then as St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital) and Texas Children's Hospital. Ben Taub General Hospital of the Harris Health System (known then as Harris County Hospital District) opened in 1963.

The TMC Library provides access to thousands of current digital books and journals and its John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center houses rare medical books dating back to the 1500s, and historical manuscripts such as the McGovern Collection on the History of Medicine, the Menninger Collection of Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis, and the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission which recorded the after-effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Recent history and developments

In 1993, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center began a $248.6-million expansion project which constructed an inpatient pavilion with 512 beds, two research buildings, an outpatient clinic building, a faculty office building, and a patient-family hotel. From 2005 to present, the George and Cynthia Mitchell Basic Sciences Research Building, the Ambulatory Clinical Building, the Cancer Prevention Center and a new research building on the South Campus opened. The Proton Therapy Center, the largest facility in the United States where proton therapy is used to treat cancer, opened in July 2006.^[11]

In 2001, the Texas Medical Center was devastated by Tropical Storm Allison, which flooded basements and the first floors with 18 inches of water.^[12] This resulted in retrofitting of storm doors and barriers to prevent future flooding.

The Memorial Hermann Healthcare System constructed the six-floor, 165,000-square-foot (15,300 m²) Memorial Hermann Heart & Vascular Institute. Also recently completed is the 30-story Memorial Hermann Medical Plaza, which is now the largest medical office building in the Texas Medical Center. At night, it is recognizable by its unique rainbow lantern.^[13] The new construction is part of the system's citywide "Century Project" initiative.

In 2005, Baylor College of Medicine opened the Baylor Clinic.

Fannin Street within the Texas Medical Center, viewed from the crosswalk between two buildings of the Houston Methodist hospital

The Texas Children's Hospital announced the largest investment and program expansion ever by a single pediatric organization. The $1.5 billion, four-year initiative is targeted for completion in 2010 and focuses on research and accessibility. Major projects include the development of the neurological research institute ($215,000,000), the formation of a maternity center ($575,000,000), and the expansion of existing research facilities ($120,000,000). Texas Children's is embarking on the development of one of the largest pediatric hospitals in a suburban setting ($220,000,000). The remainder of the expenditures is earmarked for new equipment and information systems.^[14]

In 2010, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, including the John Sealy Hospital, became the 49th member of the Texas Medical Center and the first member-institution located outside the City of Houston.^[15][16][17]

Texas Medical Center–West Campus, serving residents of greater west Houston and adjacent areas, opened in January, 2011. Representing an initial investment of more than half a billion dollars, and almost 1.2 million square feet of healthcare development, the first two facilities to open in the new campus were the Texas Children’s Hospital and The Houston Methodist West Hospital. Texas Children’s West Campus is among the nation’s largest suburban pediatric hospitals.^[18]

In 2012, Texas Medical Center added the Shriners Hospitals for Children in Galveston, which treats pediatric trauma burns, as its 50th member institution.^[19]

In 2016, Texas Medical Center added San José Clinic, the community's leading charity care clinic, as a member institution. Denise Castillo-Rhodes, executive vice president and chief financial officer of the Texas Medical Center, as well as a volunteer for San José Clinic noted when it became a member of TMC: "San José Clinic serves a very important role in our community.  Thus, it is a natural next step for the Clinic to join the Texas Medical Center as its newest member, as it continues to grow and provide extraordinary healthcare and education at affordable prices."^[20].

Cityscape and infrastructure

View of the Texas Medical Center skyline from the northwest. Rice Stadium can be seen in the foreground at right.

The Texas Medical Center is a dense agglomeration of hospitals, schools, and ancillary businesses clustered on a triangular piece of land bordered by Rice University and the neighborhood of Southampton to the west, Brays Bayou to the south and east, and Hermann Park to the north. With 106,000 employees, the TMC has an employment density of approximately 50,475 per square mile (19,489/km²). The Texas Medical Center Corporation has compared its dense cityscape to the Chicago Loop and Lower Manhattan.^[21]

The core of the TMC is serviced by three large arterial roads. Main and Fannin streets run southwest to northeast, while Holcombe Boulevard runs west to east. The Texas Medical Center is one of the few employment centers in Houston which is not directly serviced by a freeway; the nearest freeway is Texas State Highway 288, located to the east of Hermann Park. To compensate, the TMC has developed strong transit connections; the entirety of the district is serviced by the METRORail Red Line, which runs along Fannin. Rail stops in the Medical Center include Memorial Hermann Hospital/Houston Zoo, Dryden/TMC, and the Texas Medical Center Transit Center, which doubles as a hub for local bus routes. These three stops are the busiest stations on the Red Line; ultimately, the district's bus, light rail, and shuttle services deliver nearly 65,000 trips per day to and from the area.^[22]

In the 2010s, rapid development within the Medical Center began to strain existing transportation infrastructure; the average daily traffic on Fannin Street and nearby arterial Kirby Drive is expected to double by 2035.^[23] New development during the first half of the decade is expected to require an additional 50,000 parking spaces to meet demand.^[23] Solutions to the district's traffic problems include expanding existing arterial roads, boosting transit capacity, and constructing new contract parking lots on the outskirts.^[23]

Government services

John P. McGovern Campus

The Texas Medical Center Corporation is headquartered at the John P. McGovern Campus on Holcombe Boulevard southeast of Hermann Park, adjacent to the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center.^[24] The United States Postal Service operates the Medical Center Station on Almeda Road, and Harris County Public Library operates the Texas Medical Center Library near the Baylor School of Medicine.^[25][26]

The Houston Fire Department Station 33 Medical Center, a part of Fire District 21,^[27] is near the Texas Medical Center at 7100 Fannin at South Braeswood. The original Firehouse 33 was one of the last stations to be housed in an original volunteer fire station. The original Station 33 was the city hall/fire station of Braeswood. The City of Houston annexed the area in 1950. The current Fire Station 33 opened one block from the original station in August 2004. The city relinquished its ownership of the original fire station.^[28]

The Texas Medical Center is within the Houston Police Department's South Central Patrol Division.^[29]

Residential developments

Formerly TMC had its own employee housing, Laurence H. Favrot Tower Apartments, which accommodated TMC employees and their dependents.^[30] On August 31, 2012 the complex closed.^[31] Dependent children living there were within the Houston Independent School District (HISD) and zoned to Roberts Elementary School in Southgate,^[32]Ryan Middle School in the Third Ward,^[33] and Lamar High School in Upper Kirby.^[34]

Texas Medical Center Orchestra

Formerly known as the Doctors Orchestra of Houston, the Texas Medical Center Orchestra was established in November 2000 and is one of the few orchestras in the world that originated from health professions. Members of the orchestra include physicians, dentists, nurses, medical students, biomedical scientists, social workers and other health professionals.^[35]

The mission of the orchestra is to provide health care professionals with a high-quality outlet for creative expression through the world of symphonic music; perform regularly at affordable concerts that are open to the public and in an accessible venue; attract a diverse audience by commitments to select popular programming reflecting Houston’s diversity; and bring public attention to, and provide programmatic support for, medically related and/or educational charities.^[36]

Organizations which have received contributions include: The University of Texas Medical School for heart research; The Ben Taub BOOKS programs; The H.O.M.E.S Clinic; Making a Mark Art Program at Texas Children’s Hospital; HISD's DeBakey High School for Health Professions; Eye Care for Kids Foundation; The Greater Houston Chapter of the American Red Cross; The National Space Biomedical Research Institute; San Jose Clinic; Haddassah; and The Dr. Marnie Rose Foundation.^[37][38]

In an effort to increase appreciation for classical music in young audiences, Texas Medical Center Orchestra has developed a close relationship with the charter school, KIPP SHARP.^[39] By coordinating efforts with KIPP SHARP teachers and administrators, TMCO has integrated its musical programming into the school's curriculum. Works that the orchestra performs are taught and discussed in history, art and music classes. The students are invited to display artwork and essays in the Wortham lobby at TMCO concerts, and they are encouraged to at attend with their families. TMCO has included KIPP choirs and orchestras in concert performances.^[37]

In 2011, TMCO began working with the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Lone Star Chapter in an annual co-sponsorship of a bicycle ride, "Gran Fondo: Texas TMCO" that precedes the MS150 and benefits both organizations.

Gallery

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  Medical Center Station Post Office
  

  
  

  
  


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  METRO stop in the Texas Medical Center area
  

  
  

  
  


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  Fire Station 33 Medical Center
  

  
  

  
  


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  Coleman College for the Health Sciences, part of the Houston Community College system
  

  
  

  
  


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  Skyline of the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, the 49th member of the Texas Medical Center Corporation
  

  
  

  
  


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  Skyline of the Texas Medical Center
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• Medical centers in the United States

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas Medical Center.

• Texas Medical Center Homepage


• Texas Medical Center Maps and Driving Directions


• 
  Texas Medical Center from the Handbook of Texas Online
  


• Texas Medical Center News Homepage

Coordinates: 29°42′34″N 95°23′53″W / 29.70951°N 95.39818°W / 29.70951; -95.39818