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Moscopole
Administrative Unit
Moscopole
Coordinates: 40°38′0″N 20°35′25″E / 40.63333°N 20.59028°E / 40.63333; 20.59028Coordinates: 40°38′0″N 20°35′25″E / 40.63333°N 20.59028°E / 40.63333; 20.59028
Country	Albania
County	Korçë
Municipality(s)	Korçë
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Website	www.voskopoja.al

Moscopole (Albanian: Voskopojë; Aromanian: Moscopole; Greek: Μοσχόπολις or Βοσκόπολις; Turkish: İskopol or Oskopol^[1]) is a village in Korçë County in southeastern Albania. During the 18th century, it was the cultural and commercial center of the Aromanians.^[2] At its peak, in the mid 18th century, it hosted the first printing press in the Ottoman Balkans outside Istanbul, educational institutions and numerous churches^[3] and became a leading center of Greek culture.^[4][5]

Historians have attributed the decline of the city to a series of raids by Muslim Albanian bandits.^[6][7] Moscopole was initially attacked and almost destroyed by those groups in 1769 following the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire.^[8] Its destruction culminated with the abandoning and destruction of 1788.^[9][10][6] Moscopole, once a prosperous city, was reduced to a small village by Ali Pasha. According to another opinion, the city's decline was mainly due to the relocation of the trade routes in central and eastern Europe following these raids.^[8] Today Moscopole, known as Voskopojë, is a small mountain village, and along with a few other local settlements is considered a holy place by local Orthodox Christians. It was one of the original homelands of the Aromanian diaspora.^[11]

Geography

Modern Voskopojë is located 21 km from Korçë, in the mountains of southeastern Albania, at an altitude of 1160 meters, and is a subdivision of Korçë municipality;^[12][13] its population in 2011 was 1,058.^[14] The municipality of Voskopojë consists of the villages of Voskopojë, Shipskë, Krushovë, Gjonomadh and Lavdar.^[15] In 2005, the municipality had a population of 2,218,^[16] whereas the settlement itself has a population of around 500.^[12]

History

Prosperity

Demographics

The coat of arms of Moscopole.

Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania, the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians. It was a small settlement until the end of the 17th century, but afterwards showed a remarkable financial and cultural development.^[8] Some writers have claimed that Moscopole in its glory days (1730–1760) had as many as 70,000 inhabitants; other estimates placed its population closer to 35,000;^[17][18] but a more realistic number may be closer to 3500: "...The truth may be closer to this number [sc. 3500] than to 70,000. Moschopolis was certainly not among the largest Balkan cities of the 18th century".^[19]

According to the Swedish historian Johann Thunmann, who visited Moscopole and wrote a history of the Aromanians in 1774, everyone in the city spoke Aromanian; many also spoke Greek, which was used for writing contracts, in fact the city is said to have been mainly populated by Vlachs/Aromanians. The fact was confirmed by a 1935 analysis of the family names shows that the majority of the population were indeed Vlachs, but there were also Greeks and Albanians present in the city.^[20]

Economy

Murals of St. Nicholas church, painted by David Selenica.

Historically the main economic activity of the city was the livestock farming. The alternative name "Voskopolis" means "City of shepherds".^[21] This activity led to the establishment of wool processing and carpet manufacturing units and the development of tanneries, while other locals became metal workers, silver and copper smiths.^[8] During the middle of the 18th century, the city became an important economic center whose influence spread over the boundaries of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, and reached further the Ottoman ruled Eastern-Orthodox world: the trade involved as far as the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Upper Saxony. Until 1769, the town traded on a large scale with renowned European commercial centres of that time, such as Venice, Vienna and Leipzig.^[22]

Culture

A printing press was also operating in Moscopole which was the second one in Ottoman Europe (in Turkish: İskopol/Oskopol,^[1]) after that of Constantinople. This establishment produced a total of nineteen books, mainly Services to the Saints but also the Introduction of Grammar by the local scholar Theodore Kavalliotis.^[8] The later became director of the city's prestigious educational institution, which from 1744 was known as New Academy or Hellenikon Frontistirion, sponsored by the wealthy merchants of the diaspora. Moreover, the city hosted an orphanage, known as Orphanodioiketerion, probably the first in the post-Byzantine Orthodox world,^[23] a hospital and a total of 24 churches.^[12]

A cultural effervescence arose in Moscopole, and many authors published their works in both the Greek language (which was the language of culture of the Balkans at the time) and Aromanian, written in the Greek alphabet. In 1770, the first dictionary of four modern Balkan languages (Greek, Albanian, Vlach/Aromanian and Bulgarian) was published here. Daniel Moscopolites a Vlach-speaking native priest of Moscopole, compiled a quadrilingual lexicon of Greek, Vlach, Bulgarian and Albanian, that aimed at the hellenization of the non-Greek-speaking Christian communities in the Balkans.^[24][25] Due to the high level of intellectual activity and Greek education Moscopole was nicknamed as New Athens or New Mystra.^[26][27] As such the city became an important 18th century center of the modern Greek Enlightenment.^[28][29]

Decline

Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Albanian, Aromanian and Bulgarian) created from Daniel Moscopolites, an Aromanian from Moscopole, probably in 1770 and published in 1794 in the Greek language.^{[30][31][32][33]}

The 1769 sacking and pillaging by Muslim Albanian^[20] troops was just the first of a series of attacks. Moscopole was attacked due to the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire (known as Orlov revolt).^[8] Its destruction culminated with the razing of 1788 by the troops of Ali Pasha.^[34] Moscopole was practically destroyed by this attack, while some of its commerce shifted to nearby Korçë and Berat.^[35]

St. Nicholas church built in 1721.

The survivors were thus forced to flee, most of them emigrating mainly to Thessaly and Macedonia. Some of the commercial elite moved to the Archduchy of Austria, and the Kingdom of Hungary especially to the respective capitals of Vienna and Budapest, but also to Transylvania, where they had an important role in the early National awakening of Romania. The city never rose back to its earlier status. However, a new school was established at the end of the 18th century whose headmaster in 1802 was Daniel Moscopolites. This school functioned the following decades, thanks to donations and bequests by baron Simon Sinas, a member of the diaspora.^[36]

In 1900, a report by the Greek consul Betsos gave details of the demographic composition of Moscopole.^[37] It noted that the 18th century destruction of the settlement resulted in the dispersal of its Aromanian speaking population and the some old remaining families moved to other places, in particular Korçë.^[37] Around 30 old families remained, however the socio-political crisis that engulfed the nearby Opar region resulted in Albanian speaking Christians leaving their previous homes and resettling in Moscopole.^[37] Aromanians from two nearby settlements also resettled in Moscopole.^[37] Moscopole in 1900 was populated by a total of 200 families, consisting of 120 Albanian speaking and 80 Aromanian speaking families.^[37] Most of the older Aromanian speaking families had a Greek national consciousness while 3 families along with some the newer residents were pro-Romanian (a total of 20 families), led by an unfrocked priest named Kosmas.^[37]

In 1914 Moscopole was part of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus. It was destroyed again in 1916 during World War I by the marauding Albanian bands of Sali Butka.^[38]

During the Greco-Italian War, on November 30, 1940, the town was controlled by the advancing Greek forces.^[39] In April 1941, after the capitulation of Greece, Moscopole returned to Axis control. The remaining buildings were razed three times during the partisan warfare of World War II: once by Italian troops and twice by the Albanian nationalist Balli Kombëtar organization.^[40] Of the old city, six Orthodox churches (one in a very ruined state), a bridge and a monastery survive. In 1996, the church of St. Michael was vandalized by three adolescent Albanians under the influence of a foreign Muslim fundamentalist.^[18] In 2002, the five standing churches were put on the World Monuments Fund's Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites

Modern town

Today, Moscopole is just a small mountain village and ski resort.^[41] Nonetheless, memories of glory days of Moscopole remain an important part of the culture of the Aromanians.

During recent years, a Greek language institution, a joint Greek-Albanian initiative, has operated in Moscopole.^[42]

Moscopole, known in Albania as being a traditionally Christian settlement is neighbours with various Muslim and Christian Albanian villages that surround it, although the latter have become "demographically depressed", due to migration.^[43] During the communist period some Muslim Albanians from surrounding villages settled in Moscopole making locals view the village population as mixed (i përzier) and lamenting the decline of the Christian element.^[43]

Architecture

Decorated exonarthex of St. Athanasius' Church

Ruined St. Charalampus' Church

The remaining churches in the region are among the most representative of 18th century ecclesiastical art in the Balkans. Characteristically, their murals are comparable to that in the large monastic centres at Mount Athos and Meteora in Greece. The architectural design is in general specific and identical: a large three-aisled basilica with a
gable roof. The churches are single-apsed, with a wide altar apse and internal niches that serve as prothesis and diaconicon. Most churches also have one niche, each on the northern and southern walls, next to the prothesis and the diakonicon. Along the southern side there is an arched porch.^[22]

Of the ca. 24-30 churches of Moscopole, besides the St. John the Baptist Monastery (Albanian: Manastiri i Shën Prodhromit, Greek: Μονή Αγίου Ιωάννου του Προδρόμου) in the vicinity of the town,^[22] only five have survived into modern times:

• 
  Saint Nicholas (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Kollit, Greek: Ναός Αγίου Νικολάου)


• 
  Dormition of the Theotokos (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Mërisë, Greek: Ναός Κοιμήσεως της Θεοτόκου)


• 
  Saint Athanasius (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Thanasit, Greek: Ναός Αγίου Αθανασίου)


• 
  Saint Michael or Archangels Michael and Gabriel (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Mëhillit, Greek: Ναός Αγίων Ταξιαρχών)


• 
  Saint Elijah (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Ilias, Greek: Ναός Προφήτη Ηλία)

Some of the ruined churches include the following:

• 
  Saint Paraskevi (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Premtes, Greek: Ναός Αγίας Παρασκευής), patron saint of the town and probably the first church built in Moscopole in the 15th century.^[44]


• 
  Saint Charalampus (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Harallambit, Greek: Ναός Αγίου Χαραλάμπους), outer walls partially survived


• 
  Saint Euthymius, completely destroyed.^[22]

Climate

There is a combination of mild valley climate in the lower parts and true Alpine climate in the higher regions.^{[citation needed]} Favorable climate conditions make this center ideal for winter, summer, sport, recreation tourism, so there are tourists during the whole year, not only from areas of Albania, but also foreigners.^[45]

Notable Moscopolites

• Mihail Boiagi


• Ioannis Chalkeus


• Theophrastos Georgiadis


• Daniel Moscopolites


• Theodore Kavalliotis


• 
  Georgios Konstantinidis^[34]


• 
  Dionysios Mantoukas, Orthodox bishop


• 
  Ioakeim Martianos, Orthodox bishop


• Sinas family, notable members of this family were: Georgios Sinas and Simon Sinas
  


• 
  Dimitrios Procopiou (Pamperis), scholar


• Nektarios Terpos


• Konstantinos Tzechanis


• Constantin Ucuta


• 
  Constantin Smolensky or Smolenic, high rank officer of the Greek Army in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897 and the Cretan revolution (1866-1867).

Gallery

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  Tourist center
  

  
  

  
  


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  Mountains near Moscopole
  

  
  

  
  


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  Aromanian/Macedonian festival in Moscopole
  

  
  

  
  


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  View of the village
  

  
  

  
  


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  Saint Nicholas church
  

  
  

  
  


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  Saint Nicholas church
  

  
  

  
  


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  Arched bridge next to the village
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• David Selenica


• Berat


• Tourism in Albania

References

Sources

• Asterios Koukoudis Studies on the Vlachs (in Greek and English)


• 
  Românii din Albania - Aromânii(in Romanian)


• Steliu Lambru, Narrating National Utopia - The Case Moschopolis in the Aromanian National Discourse (in English)


• 
  Peyfuss, Max Demeter (1989). Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731-1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida (in German). Vienna: Böhlau. ISBN 3-205-98571-0.
  


• Nicolas Trifon, Des Aroumains aux Tsintsares - Destinées Historiques Et Littéraires D’un Peuple Méconnu (in French)

External links

• 
  Adhami, Stilian (1989). Voskopoja: në shekullin e lulëzimit të saj (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: 8 Nentori. p. 222.
  


• 
  Falo, Dhari (2002). "Trayedia ali Muscopuli" (in Aromanian). Cartea aromână
  


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  Γεωργιάδης, Θεόφραστος (1975). Moschopolis Μοσχόπολις (in Greek). Έκδοσις Συλλόγου προς Διάδοση των Ελληνικών Γραμμάτων.
  


• 
  Plasari, Aurel]] (2000). "Fenomeni Voskopoje". Mendimi shqiptar (in Albanian). Phoenix (6): 100.
  


• Robert Elsie, Eifel Olzheim. Review: Peyfuß, Max Demeter: Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731-1769. Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida.

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