Xrthnty

1996 map of the major ethnolinguistic groups of Africa, by the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division (substantially based on G.P. Murdock, Africa, its peoples and their cultural history, 1959). Colour-coded are 15 major ethnolinguistic super-groups, as follows:
Afroasiatic
     Hamitic (Berber, Cushitic) + Semitic (Ethiopian, Arabic)
     Hausa (Chadic)
Niger–Congo
     Bantu
     "Guinean" (Volta-Niger, Kwa, Kru)
     "Western Bantoid" (Atlantic)
     "Central Bantoid" (Gur, Senufo)
     "Eastern Bantoid" (Southern Bantoid)
     Mande
Nilo-Saharan (unity debated)
     Nilotic
     Central Sudanic, Eastern Sudanic (besides Nilotic)
     Kanuri
     Songhai
other
     Khoi-San (unity doubtful; Khoikhoi, San, Sandawe + Hadza)
     Malayo-Polynesian (Malagasy)
     Indo-European (Afrikaaner)

The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each population generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. The ethnolinguistic groups include various Afroasiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan populations.

The official population count of the various ethnic groups in Africa is highly uncertain, both due to limited infrastructure to perform censuses and due to the rapid population growth. There have also been accusations of deliberate misreporting in order to give selected ethnicities numerical superiority (as in the case of Nigeria's Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo people).^[1]^[2]^[3]

A 2009 genetic clustering study, which genotyped 1327 polymorphic markers in various African populations, identified six ancestral clusters. The clustering corresponded closely with ethnicity, culture and language.^[4] A 2018 whole genome sequencing study of the world's populations observed similar clusters among the populations in Africa. At K=9, distinct ancestral components defined the Afrosiatic-speaking populations inhabiting North Africa and Northeast Africa; the Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations in Northeast Africa and East Africa; the Ari populations in Northeast Africa; the Niger-Congo-speaking populations in West-Central Africa, West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa; the Pygmy populations in Central Africa; and the Khoisan populations in Southern Africa.^[5]

Lists

By linguistic phylum

‹ The template below (Split portions) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›

As a first overview, the following table lists major groups by ethno-linguistic affiliation, with rough population estimates (as of 1016) :^{[citation needed]}

Phylum	Region	Major groups	Pop. (millions) (2016)^{[citation needed]}	Number of groups
Afro-Asiatic	North Africa, Horn of Africa, Sahel	Amhara, Hausa, Oromo, Somali, Tachelhit Berber	100	200-300^[6]
Niger-Congo	West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa	Bambara, Fula, Igbo, Mooré, Swahili, Yoruba, Zulu	100	1650^[6]
Nilo-Saharan	Nile Valley, Sahel, East Africa	Dinka, Kanuri, Luo, Maasai, Nuer	60	80^[6]
Khoisan	Southern Africa, Tanzania	Nama, San, Sandawe, Kung ǃXóõ	1	40-70^[6]
Austronesian	Madagascar	Malagasy	20	1^[7]
Indo-European	Central Africa, East Africa, North Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa	Afrikaners, British, French	6	3^[8]
Total	Africa		1.2 billion (UN 2016)	c. 2,000^[9]

Major ethnic groups

The following is a table of major ethnic groups (10 million people or more):

Major ethnic groups	Region	Countries	Language family	Pop. (millions) (year)
Akan	West Africa	Ghana, Ivory Coast	Niger–Congo, Kwa	20^{[year needed]}
Abyssinians	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia, Eritrea	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
Amhara	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	22 (2007)
Bantu	Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa	most of Equatorial Africa	Niger-Congo, Bantu	^[10]
Berbers	Maghreb, Nile Valley	Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Libya, Egypt, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso	Afro-Asiatic, Berber
Chewa	Central Africa	Malawi, Zambia	Niger–Congo, Bantu	12 (2007)
Egyptians^[11]	North Africa	Egypt, Sudan	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic & Coptic	93 (2017)
Fulani	West Africa	Mauritania, Gambia. Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Chad, Sudan, CAR, Ghana, Togo, Sierra Leone	Niger–Congo, Senegambian	20^{[year needed]}
Hausa	West Africa	Nigeria, Niger, Benin, Ghana, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic	43^{[year needed]}
Hutu	Central Africa	Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo	Niger–Congo, Bantu	15^{[year needed]}
Igbo	West Africa	Nigeria	Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger	34 (2017)
Kanuri	Central Africa	Nigeria,^[12]Niger,^[13]Chad^[14] and Cameroon^[15]	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan	10
Khoisan	Southern Africa	South Africa, Namibia	Khoisan
Kongo	Central Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Republic of the Congo	Niger–Congo, Bantu	10^{[year needed]}
Luba	Central Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Niger–Congo, Bantu	15^{[year needed]}
Maghrebis (Arab-Berber)	North Africa	Maghreb (Mauritania, Morocco, Western Sahara), Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	100^{[year needed]}
Mongo	Central Africa	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Niger–Congo, Bantu	15^{[year needed]}
Nilotes	Nile Valley, East Africa, Central Africa	South Sudan, Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia	Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic	22 (2007)
North African Arabs	North Africa, Sahel	Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Libya, Egypt, Chad, Sudan, Mali, Niger, Nigeria	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	^[16]
Nubians	Nile Valley	Sudan, Egypt	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic
Oromo	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	35 (2016)
Shona	East Africa	Zimbabwe and Mozambique	Niger–Congo, Bantoid	15 (2000)
Somali	Horn of Africa	Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	20 (2009)
Wolof	West Africa	Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania	Niger-Congo, Atlantic
Yoruba	West Africa	Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone	Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger	40^{[year needed]}
Zulu	Southern Africa	South Africa	Niger–Congo, Bantu	12 (2016)

Ethnic groups by region

Central Africa

Name	Family	Language	Region	Country	Population (million)^{[year needed]}	Notes
Aka	Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy	Aka	Central/Northern	Western Central African Republic, Northwest Congo		The Aka are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called BaMbuti, of the Ituri Rainforest.
Baka	Pygmy	Baka	Central/Northern	Western Equatoria in South Sudan	0.25	There is also another ethnic group called Baka living across West Africa.
Banda	Niger-Congo, Ubangian	Banda language	Chad Basin	Central African Republic^[17]	1.5
Chewa	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Chichewa	Central/Southern	Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe	9
Chokwe	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Chokwe	Central	Angola, Congo (Kinshasa), Zambia	1.1
Efé	Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy	Efe	Central/Northern	Ituri Rainforest of Congo		The Efe are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called BaMbuti, of the Ituri Rainforest.
Gbaya	Niger-Congo, Ubangian	Gbaya language	Chad Basin	Central African Republic^[17]	1.5
Kongo	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Kongo	Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Republic of the Congo	10
Kanuri	Nilo-Saharan, Western Saharan	Kanuri	Chad Basin	Nigeria,^[12] Niger,^[13] Cameroon,^[15] Chad^[14]	10
Lingala	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Lingala	Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola, Central African Republic
Luba	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga	Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo	13
Kotoko	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic	Lagwan	Chad Basin	Cameroon, Chad	< 1
Mbunda	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Mbúùnda, Chimbúùnda, Mpuono	Central	Angola, Zambia	0.5
Mbundu	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Kimbundu	Central	Angola	2.4
Moghamo	Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid	Moghamo	Central/West	Cameroon	0.018
Mongo	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Mongo	Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo	12
Ngamambo	Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid	Ngamambo	Central/West	Cameroon	0.011
Ovimbundu	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Umbundu	Central	Angola	4.6
Sara	Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic	Sara	Chad Basin	Chad,^[14] Cameroon,^[18] Central African Republic^[19]	3.5
Sua	Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy	Sua	Central/Northern	Ituri Rainforest of Congo		The Sua are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called BaMbuti, of the Ituri Rainforest.
Zande	Niger–Congo, Ubangian	Zande	Chad Basin	South Sudan,^[20] Central African Republic^[17]	1-4
Zaghawa	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Saharan	Zaghawa	Chad Basin	Chad, Sudan	< 1

Horn of Africa

Name	Family	Language	Region	Country	Population (million)
Afar	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	Afar	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea	2.5
Agaw	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	Agaw	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia, Eritrea	1
Amhara	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Amharic	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia	24
Beja	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	Beja	Horn of Africa	Sudan, Eritrea	2
Bilen	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	Bilen	Horn of Africa	Eritrea	0.2
Gurage	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Gurage	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia	1.9
Oromo	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	Oromo	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya	40
Rashaida	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Arabic	Horn of Africa	Eritrea, Sudan	0.2
Saho	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	Saho	Horn of Africa	Eritrea, Ethiopia	0.2
Sidama	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	Sidama	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia	3
Somali	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic	Somali	Horn of Africa	Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya	21
Tigrayan	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Tigrinya	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia, Eritrea	9.3
Tigre	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Tigre	Horn of Africa	Eritrea, Sudan	1.5
Tigrinya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Tigrinya	Horn of Africa	Eritrea	3.4
Welayta	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic	Wolaytta	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia	2

North Africa

Name	Family	Language	Region	Country	Population (million)	Notes
Baggara	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Sudanese Arabic	Chad Basin	Sudan, Chad	6
Berbers	Afro-Asiatic, Berber	Berber	Maghreb	Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Tunisia, Egypt	27	Berber speakers
Copts	Afro-Asiatic, Egyptian	Coptic	Nile Valley	Egypt, Sudan	10
Egyptians	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Egyptian Arabic	Nile Valley	Egypt	85	excl. Copts
Fur^[21]	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic	Fur	Nile Valley	Sudan	1.0
Haratin	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Hassaniya Arabic	Maghreb	Mauritania, Morocco	2
Maghrebis	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Maghrebi Arabic	Maghreb	Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya	72	Arabic speakers only
Moors	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Hassaniya Arabic	Maghreb	Mauritania, Morocco	2
Nubians	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic	Nobiin	Nile Valley	Sudan, Egypt	1.0^[21]
Sudanese Arabs	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Sudanese Arabic	Nile Valley	Sudan	28
Toubou	Nilo-Saharan	Tebu	Tibesti	Libya, Chad, Niger, Sudan	0.35
Tuareg	Afro-Asiatic, Berber	Tuareg	Maghreb/Sahara	Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso	1.2
Zaghawa	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Saharan	Zaghawa	Chad Basin	Chad, Sudan	0.2

Southeast Africa

Name	Family	Language	Region	Country	Population (million)
Alur	Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo	Alur	East/Central	Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Anuak	Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo	Anuak	Southeast/Horn	South Sudan, Ethiopia
Acholi	Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo	Acholi	East	Uganda, South Sudan
Banyoro	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Nyoro (Runyakitara)	East	Uganda	1.4
Basoga	Niger-Congo, Bantu	Soga	East	Uganda	2.9
Chagga	Niger-Congo, Bantu	Bantu	Kilimanjaro	Tanzania	8
Dinka	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic	Dinka	Nile Valley	South Sudan^[20]	5
Ganda	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Ganda	East	Uganda	5.5
Langi	Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo	Lango	East	Uganda	2.2
Hutu	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Rwanda-Rundi	East, Central	Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda	16
Kamba	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Kamba	East	Kenya
Kalenjin	Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Highland	Kalenjin	East	Kenya, Uganda	3
Kikuyu	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Gikuyu	East	Kenya	5.3
Kwama	Nilo-Saharan	Kwama	East/Horn	South Sudan, Ethiopia
Lugbara people	Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic	Lugbara	East	Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo	11
Luo	Nilo-Saharan, Luo, River-Lake	Luo	East	Kenya, Uganda
Luhya	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Luhya	East	Kenya, Uganda	5.4
Maasai	Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Plains	Maasai	East	Kenya, Tanzania	0.9
Makonde	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Makonde	Southeast	Tanzania, Mozambique	1.3
Ameru	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Meru	East	Kenya
Nuer	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic	Nuer	Nile Valley	South Sudan^[20]	3
Samburu	Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Plains	Samburu	East	Kenya	0.1
Shilluk	Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Luo	Shilluk	Nile Valley	South Sudan^[20]	1.5
Swahili	Niger-Congo, Bantu	Swahili	East	Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique	0.1
Tutsi	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Rwanda-Rundi	East, Central	Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda	3
Twa	Pygmy	Rundi, Kiga	East, Central	Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.8

Southern Africa

Name	Family	Language	Region	Country	Population (million)
Afrikaner	Indo-European	Afrikaans	South	South Africa, Namibia	3.5
Bemba	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Bemba	South	Zambia	5.0
Cape Coloured	Indo-European	Afrikaans	South	South Africa	4.7
Herero	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Herero	South	Namibia, Botswana, Angola	0.2
Himba	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Otjihimbo (Herero dialect)	South	Namibia	0.05
Goffal	Indo-European	Zimbabwean English	South	Zimbabwe	0.03
Kalanga	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Shona	South	Zimbabwe, Botswana	0.1
Khoikhoi	Khoisan	Khoekhoegowab	South		-
Lemba	Niger-Congo, Bantu	Venda	South	Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique	0.05
Makua	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Makua	South/East	Mozambique, Tanzania	1.1
Nambya	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Shona	South	Zimbabwe	0.1
North Ndebele	Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni	Sindebele	South	Zimbabwe	1.5
Ovambo (Ambo, Owambo)	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Ovambo	South	Namibia	0.9
San	Khoisan	Khoisan	South	South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, Angola	0.09
South Ndebele	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Southern Ndebele	South	South Africa	0.7
Shona	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Shona	South	Mozambique, Zimbabwe	10.6
Sotho	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Sotho	South	Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe (Gwanda District)	5.3
Swazi	Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni	Swazi	South	Swaziland, South Africa, Mozambique	3.5
Tonga	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Shona	South	Zimbabwe, Zambia	2
Tsonga	Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni	Tsonga	South	Swaziland, South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (Chiredzi and Mwenezi Districts)	5.5
Tswana	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Tswana	South	Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe	6
Venda	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Venda	South	South Africa, Zimbabwe	1
Xhosa	Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni	Xhosa	South	South Africa	7.9
Yeyi	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Shiyeyi	South	Namibia, Botswana, Angola	0.3
Zulu	Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni	Zulu	South	South Africa	12
Kwangali	Niger–Congo, Bantu Angola Central Africa	Rukwangali	South	Namibia, Botswana, Angola	0.7

West Africa

Name	Family	Language	Region	Country	Population (million)	Notes
Adele	Niger–Congo, Gbe	Adele	West	Ghanaian-Togo Borderlands	.05^[22]
Akan	Niger–Congo, Kwa	Akan	West	South Ghana, Ivory Coast	20	An ethnic group of related sub-groups. The largest subgroups are the Ashanti and the Fante
Aku	(Creole)	Aku	West	Gambia	0.01
Baka	Niger Congo, Ubangian	Baka	West/Central	Southeastern Cameroon, Northern Congo, Northern Gabon	0.3-0.4	The Baka are also known as Bebayaka, Bebayaga, or Bibaya, or (along with the other Mbenga peoples) the derogatory Babinga.
Bambara	Niger–Congo, Mande	Bambara	West	Mali	3
Basaa	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Basaa	West	Cameroon	0.2
Bassa	Niger–Congo, Kru	Bassa	West	Liberia	0.3
Beti-Pahuin	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Ewondo, Fang, Bulu	West	Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe	3.3	group of 20 sub-ethnicities
Biafada	Niger–Congo	Biafada	West	Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau	0.04
Mole-Dagbani	Niger–Congo, Gur	Dagbani	West	Ghana, Burkina Faso	8.6	Dagomba, Mamprusi, Nanumba, Mossi, Gurma
Dendi	Niger–Congo	Dendi	West	Benin	0.1
Edo (also called Bini, or Benin)	Niger–Congo, Volta-Niger	Edo	West	Nigeria	1.6
Efik	Niger–Congo, Cross River	Ibibio-Efik	West	Nigeria, Cameroon	0.9
Eket	Niger–Congo, Cross River	Eket (Ibibio dialect)	West	Nigeria, Cameroon	0.3
Esan	Niger–Congo, Volta-Niger	Esan	West	Nigeria	0.5
Ewe	Niger–Congo, Gbe	Ewe	West	Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Volta Region (British Togoland), Togoland	6.0
Fon	Niger–Congo	Fon	West	Benin, Nigeria	3.5
Fulɓe	Niger–Congo, Senegambian	Pular/Fulfulde	West	Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Chad, Togo, Ivory Coast	20
Ga	Niger–Congo, Kwa	Ga, Ga-Adangme	West	Togo, Greater Accra	2
Gwari, Nupe	Niger-Congo, Volta-Niger		West	Nigeria	1
Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic	Hausa	West/Northern	Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Benin, Chad, Cameroon, Sudan	37
Igbo (Ibo)	Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger	Igbo	West	Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea	34^[23]	Includes various subgroups.
Ijaw	Niger–Congo, Ijoid	Ijaw	West	Nigeria	14^[12]	Sub-groups include Andoni, Ibani, Kalabari, Nembe, Ogbia and Okrika.
Jola	Niger–Congo, Senegambian	Jola, Kriol	West	Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau	0.5
Kanuri	Nilo-Saharan, Western Saharan	Kanuri	Chad Basin	Nigeria,^[12] Niger,^[13] Cameroon,^[15] Chad^[14]	10
Mandinka	Niger–Congo, Mande	Mandingo	West/Central	The Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Guinea Bissau, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Mauritania, Chad	13
Mande South	Niger–Congo, Mande	Dan, Mano and Kpelle	West	Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia,	3.5
Marka	Niger–Congo, Mande	Marka	West/Northern	Mali	0.4
Mende	Niger–Congo, Mande	Mende	West	Sierra Leone	2
Papel	Niger–Congo	Papel	West	Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau	0.1
Serer	Niger–Congo, Senegambian	Serer, Cangin	West	Found mostly in Senegal and The Gambia. Small number in Mauritania. Also found in the West.	1.9^[24]^[25]	The Serer people include: Serer-Sine, Serer-Safene, Serer-Ndut, Serer-Palor, Serer-Niominka, Serer-Laalaa, Serer-Noon. Apart from the Serer-Sine, they speak Cangin languages rather than Serer.
Songhai^[13]	Nilo-Saharan	Songhai	West	Mali	5
Tiv	Niger–Congo, Bantu	Tiv	West	Nigeria, Cameroon	2
Urhobo	Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger	Urhobo, Isoko, Uvwie, Erhowa, Okpe	West	Nigeria	2
Wolof	Niger–Congo, Atlantic	Wolof	West	Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania	4
Yoruba, Itsekiri	Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger	Yoruba	West	Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast^[26]Sierra Leone^[27]	45
Zarma^[13]^[28]	Nilo-Saharan	Zarma	West	Niger	5

References

^ Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). "Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-11-23.

^ Lewis, Peter (2007). Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-472-06980-2. Retrieved 2008-11-23.

^ Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 154. ISBN 1-929223-28-5. Retrieved 2008-12-18.

^ Tishkoff, SA; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" (PDF). Science. 324 (5930): 1037–39. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357 . PMID 19407144. We incorporated geographic data into a Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A). The most geographically widespread cluster (orange) extends from far Western Africa (the Mandinka) through central Africa to the Bantu speakers of South Africa (the Venda and Xhosa) and corresponds to the distribution of the Niger-Kordofanian language family, possibly reflecting the spread of Bantu-speaking populations from near the Nigerian/Cameroon highlands across eastern and southern Africa within the past 5000 to 3000 years (26,27). Another inferred cluster includes the Pygmy and SAK populations (green), with a noncontiguous geographic distribution in central and southeastern Africa, consistent with the STRUCTURE (Fig. 3) and phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1). Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. With the exception of the Dogon, these populations speak an Afroasiatic language. Chadic-speaking and Nilo-Saharan–speaking populations from Nigeria, Cameroon, and central Chad, as well as several Nilo-Saharan–speaking populations from southern Sudan, constitute another cluster (red). Nilo-Saharan and Cushitic speakers from the Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania, as well as some of the Bantu speakers from Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda (Hutu/Tutsi), constitute another cluster (purple), reflecting linguistic evidence for gene flow among these populations over the past ~5000 years (28,29). Finally, the Hadza are the sole constituents of a sixth cluster (yellow), consistent with their distinctive genetic structure identified by PCA and STRUCTURE.

^ Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018). "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 0: 10.9–10.10; Figure 3.3 Population structure analysis and inferred ancestry components for selected choices of assumed number of ancestries. Retrieved 28 May 2018.

^ ^a^b^c^d Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 31 May 2018. : c. 1,650 Niger-Congo, c. 200-300 Afro-Asiatic, 80 Nilo-Saharan, 40-70 Khoisan.

^ Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. p. x. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 30 May 2018.

^ Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. x, 206, 211. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 30 May 2018.

^ The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect) at between 1,250 and 2,100.
Heine, Bernd; Heine, Bernd, eds. (2000). African Languages: an Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Some counts estimate "over 3,000", e.g. Epstein, Edmund L.; Kole, Robert, eds. (1998). The Language of African Literature. Africa World Press. p. ix. ISBN 0-86543-534-0. Retrieved 2011-06-23. over 3,000 indigenous languages by some counts, and many creoles, pidgins, and lingua francas. . Niger-Congo alone accounts for the majority of languages (and the majority of population), estimated at 1,560 languages by SIL Ethnologue) ("Ethnologue report for Nigeria". Ethnologue Languages of the World. )

^ Bantu peoples: 350M population, 450-650 groups: "Guthrie (1967-71) names some 440 Bantu 'varieties', Grimes (2000) has 501 (minus a few 'extinct' or 'almost extinct', Bastin et al. (1999) have 542, Maho (this volume) has some 660, and Mann et al. (1987) have c. 680." Derek Nurse, 2006, "Bantu Languages", in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, p. 2.
Ethnologue report for Southern Bantoid lists a total of 535 languages. The count includes 13 Mbam languages which are not always included under "Narrow Bantu".

^ including Copts in Egypt and Sudan (c. 15 million) and tribes such as the two largest in North Sinai, the al-Tarabin tribe and the al-Sawarka tribe. Sakr, Taha (16 May 2017). "North Sinai's second largest tribe al-Sawarka declares war against Sinai Province". Egypt Independent.

^ ^a^b^c^d "The World Factbook: Nigeria". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e "The World Factbook: Niger". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

^ ^a^b^c^d "The World Factbook: Chad". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

^ ^a^b^c Peter Austin, One Thousand Languages (2008), p. 75, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0520255607:"Kanuri is a major Saharan language spoken in the Lake Chad Basin in the Borno area of northeastern Nigeria, as well as in Niger, Cameroon, and Chad (where the variety is known as Kanembul[)]."

^ "Ethnicity" of Arabic-speaking groups either "Arab" or "Berber-Arab", or by nationality,
with "Arabs" having numerous subgroups, usually named clans or tribes (Libyans, Algerians, Tunisians, Moroccans, Badawi, Juba, Nubi, Egyptians, Sudanese, Shuwa/Baggara, Chadians), see dialects of Arabic

^ ^a^b^c "The World Factbook: Central African Republic". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

^ Stefan Goodwin, Africas Legacies Of Urbanization (2006),p. 191, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0739133489:"...and further west the even more numerous Sara [western Central African Republic, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon."

^ Peoples of Africa: Burkina Faso-Comoros - Volume 2 (2001), p. 86, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=076147160X:"The Central African Republic is a land of many different peoples... The Sara (SAHR) live in the grain-growing lands of the north as well as across the border in Chad."

^ ^a^b^c^d "The World Factbook: South Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

^ ^a^b "The World Factbook: Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

^ "People Cluster: Guinean". joshuaproject.net. The Joshua Project. 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.

^ Nigeria at CIA World Factbook: "Igbo 18%" out of a population of 177 million (2014 estimate)

^ Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie. In Senegal alone, estimated figure for 2007 is 1,840,712.1

^ Gambia keep poor records of its ethnic minorities. Estimated Gambian figure is 31,900 (2006) Ethnologue.com

^ Joshua Project. "Yoruba". United States Center for World Mission. Retrieved March 3, 2014.

^ National African Language Resource Center. "Yoruba" (pdf). Indiana University. Retrieved March 3, 2014.

^ "The World Factbook: Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[1] Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). "Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-11-23.

[2] Lewis, Peter (2007). Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-472-06980-2. Retrieved 2008-11-23.

[3] Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 154. ISBN 1-929223-28-5. Retrieved 2008-12-18.

[4] Tishkoff, SA; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" (PDF). Science. 324 (5930): 1037–39. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357 . PMID 19407144. We incorporated geographic data into a Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A). The most geographically widespread cluster (orange) extends from far Western Africa (the Mandinka) through central Africa to the Bantu speakers of South Africa (the Venda and Xhosa) and corresponds to the distribution of the Niger-Kordofanian language family, possibly reflecting the spread of Bantu-speaking populations from near the Nigerian/Cameroon highlands across eastern and southern Africa within the past 5000 to 3000 years (26,27). Another inferred cluster includes the Pygmy and SAK populations (green), with a noncontiguous geographic distribution in central and southeastern Africa, consistent with the STRUCTURE (Fig. 3) and phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1). Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. With the exception of the Dogon, these populations speak an Afroasiatic language. Chadic-speaking and Nilo-Saharan–speaking populations from Nigeria, Cameroon, and central Chad, as well as several Nilo-Saharan–speaking populations from southern Sudan, constitute another cluster (red). Nilo-Saharan and Cushitic speakers from the Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania, as well as some of the Bantu speakers from Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda (Hutu/Tutsi), constitute another cluster (purple), reflecting linguistic evidence for gene flow among these populations over the past ~5000 years (28,29). Finally, the Hadza are the sole constituents of a sixth cluster (yellow), consistent with their distinctive genetic structure identified by PCA and STRUCTURE.

[5] Schlebusch, Carina M.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2018). "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 0: 10.9–10.10; Figure 3.3 Population structure analysis and inferred ancestry components for selected choices of assumed number of ancestries. Retrieved 28 May 2018.

[Childs-6] Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 31 May 2018. : c. 1,650 Niger-Congo, c. 200-300 Afro-Asiatic, 80 Nilo-Saharan, 40-70 Khoisan.

[7] Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. p. x. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 30 May 2018.

[8] Childs, G. Tucker (2003). An Introduction to African Languages. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. x, 206, 211. ISBN 9027295883. Retrieved 30 May 2018.

[9] The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect) at between 1,250 and 2,100.
Heine, Bernd; Heine, Bernd, eds. (2000). African Languages: an Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Some counts estimate "over 3,000", e.g. Epstein, Edmund L.; Kole, Robert, eds. (1998). The Language of African Literature. Africa World Press. p. ix. ISBN 0-86543-534-0. Retrieved 2011-06-23. over 3,000 indigenous languages by some counts, and many creoles, pidgins, and lingua francas. . Niger-Congo alone accounts for the majority of languages (and the majority of population), estimated at 1,560 languages by SIL Ethnologue) ("Ethnologue report for Nigeria". Ethnologue Languages of the World. )

[10] Bantu peoples: 350M population, 450-650 groups: "Guthrie (1967-71) names some 440 Bantu 'varieties', Grimes (2000) has 501 (minus a few 'extinct' or 'almost extinct', Bastin et al. (1999) have 542, Maho (this volume) has some 660, and Mann et al. (1987) have c. 680." Derek Nurse, 2006, "Bantu Languages", in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, p. 2.
Ethnologue report for Southern Bantoid lists a total of 535 languages. The count includes 13 Mbam languages which are not always included under "Narrow Bantu".

[Egypt's_two_largest_tribes-11] uding Copts in Egypt and Sudan (c. 15 million) and tribes such as the two largest in North Sinai, the al-Tarabin tribe and the al-Sawarka tribe. Sakr, Taha (16 May 2017). "North Sinai's second largest tribe al-Sawarka declares war against Sinai Province". Egypt Independent.

[The_World_Factbook:_Nigeria-12] "The World Factbook: Nigeria". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[The_World_Factbook:_Niger-13] "The World Factbook: Niger". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[The_World_Factbook:_Chad-14] "The World Factbook: Chad". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[Peter_Austin-15] Peter Austin, One Thousand Languages (2008), p. 75, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0520255607:"Kanuri is a major Saharan language spoken in the Lake Chad Basin in the Borno area of northeastern Nigeria, as well as in Niger, Cameroon, and Chad (where the variety is known as Kanembul[)]."

[16] "Ethnicity" of Arabic-speaking groups either "Arab" or "Berber-Arab", or by nationality,
with "Arabs" having numerous subgroups, usually named clans or tribes (Libyans, Algerians, Tunisians, Moroccans, Badawi, Juba, Nubi, Egyptians, Sudanese, Shuwa/Baggara, Chadians), see dialects of Arabic

[The_World_Factbook:_Central_African_Republic-17] "The World Factbook: Central African Republic". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[18] Stefan Goodwin, Africas Legacies Of Urbanization (2006),p. 191, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0739133489:"...and further west the even more numerous Sara [western Central African Republic, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon."

[19] Peoples of Africa: Burkina Faso-Comoros - Volume 2 (2001), p. 86, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=076147160X:"The Central African Republic is a land of many different peoples... The Sara (SAHR) live in the grain-growing lands of the north as well as across the border in Chad."

[The_World_Factbook:_South_Sudan-20] "The World Factbook: South Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[The_World_Factbook:_Sudan-21] "The World Factbook: Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[22] "People Cluster: Guinean". joshuaproject.net. The Joshua Project. 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.

[23] Nigeria at CIA World Factbook: "Igbo 18%" out of a population of 177 million (2014 estimate)

[24] Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie. In Senegal alone, estimated figure for 2007 is 1,840,712.1

[25] Gambia keep poor records of its ethnic minorities. Estimated Gambian figure is 31,900 (2006) Ethnologue.com

[26] Joshua Project. "Yoruba". United States Center for World Mission. Retrieved March 3, 2014.

[27] National African Language Resource Center. "Yoruba" (pdf). Indiana University. Retrieved March 3, 2014.

[The_World_Factbook:_Mali-28] "The World Factbook: Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

v t e Ethnic groups in Africa
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

v t e Ethnicity
Related concepts	Clan Ethnic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta-ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe
Ethnology	Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber- Netnography Online Person-centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy
Groups by region	Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Mexico United States Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Southwest Asia Australia Indigenous Europe Oceania Indigenous European
Identity and ethnogenesis	Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage-bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation-building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Urheimat
Multiethnic society	Consociationalism Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state
Ideology and ethnic conflict	Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Separatist movements Xenophobia

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