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Afro-Caribbeans

Total population
c. 30 million[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
Haiti	8.9 million
Cuba	4.9 million
United States	2.88 million[1]
Jamaica	2.5 million
Dominican Republic	1.1 million
Puerto Rico	461,498
Trinidad and Tobago	452,536 [2]
Bahamas	372,000
Guadeloupe	403,750
Martinique	330,000
Guyana	290,000
Barbados	253,771
Suriname	202,500
Saint Lucia	173,765
Curaçao	148,000
French Guiana	131,676
Grenada	101,309
Belize	93,394
Antigua and Barbuda	82,041
U.S. Virgin Islands	79,000
Dominica	72,660
Saint Kitts and Nevis	38,827
Languages
Languages: English English Creole Caribbean Jamaican, Trinidadian, Tobagonian, Bahamian, Guyanese, Bajan, Grenadian, Belizean, Saint Kitts, Vincentian, Surinamese French French Creole Haitian, Antillean Spanish Spanish Creole Caribbean Spanish Portuguese Portuguese Creole Papiamento Dutch Yoruba other West African languages
Religion
Predominantly: Christianity Minority: Islam Bahá'í Judaism Traditional African religion Afro-American religion Obeah Rastafarianism Santería Orisha Trinidad Orisha Yoruba Vodou others
Related ethnic groups
Afro-Latin Americans, Liberian, Americo-Liberian

Afro-Caribbeans are Caribbean people who trace their ancestry to Africa. Other names for this ethnicity include African-Caribbean (especially preferred among the United Kingdom branch of the diaspora), Black West Indian, Black Caribbean, Afro-Antillean, or Afro-West Indian. The term was not used by West Indians themselves but first coined by Americans in the late 1960s.^[3] Between the 16th and 19th centuries, European-led triangular trade brought enslaved West African people to work on Caribbean islands, primarily on various sugar plantations and in domestic households. Many Afro-Caribbeans also have non-African ancestry, such as European, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Amerindian, as there has been extensive intermarriage and unions among the peoples over the centuries.

Although most Afro-Caribbean people today live in French, English, and Spanish-speaking Caribbean nations, there are also significant diaspora populations throughout the Western world – especially in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands. Both the home and diaspora populations have produced a number of individuals who have had a notable influence on modern Western, Caribbean, and African societies; they include political activists such as Marcus Garvey and C. L. R. James; writers and theorists such as Aime Cesaire and Frantz Fanon; US military leader and statesman Colin Powell, whose parents were immigrants; and Jamaican musician Bob Marley.

History

16th–18th centuries

During the post-Columbian era, the archipelagos and islands of the Caribbean were the first sites of African diaspora dispersal in the western Atlantic. Specifically, in 1492, Pedro Alonso Niño, an African-Spanish seafarer, was recorded as piloting one of Columbus' ships. He returned in 1499, but did not settle. In the early 16th century, more Africans began to enter the population of the Spanish Caribbean colonies, sometimes arriving as free men of mixed ancestry or as indentured servants, but increasingly as enslaved workers and servants. This increasing demand for African labour in the Caribbean was in part the result of massive depopulation of the native Taino and other indigenous peoples caused by the new infectious diseases, harsh conditions, and warfare brought by European colonists. By the mid-16th century, the slave trade from West Africa to the Caribbean was so profitable that Francis Drake and John Hawkins were prepared to engage in piracy as well as break Spanish colonial laws, in order to forcibly transport approximately 1500 enslaved people from Sierra Leone to San Domingo (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).^[4]

During the 17th and 18th centuries, European colonial development in the Caribbean became increasingly reliant on plantation slavery to cultivate and process the lucrative commodity crop of sugarcane. On many islands shortly before the end of the 18th century, the enslaved Afro-Caribbeans greatly outnumbered their European masters. In addition, there developed a class of free people of color, especially in the French islands, where persons of mixed race were given certain rights.^[5] On Saint-Domingue, free people of color and slaves rebelled against harsh conditions, and constant inter-imperial warfare. Inspired by French revolutionary sentiments that at one point freed the slaves, Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian Revolution that gained the independence of Haiti in 1804, the first Afro-Caribbean republic in the Western Hemisphere.

19th–20th centuries

In 1804, Haiti, with its overwhelmingly African population and leadership, became the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state. During the 19th century, continuous waves of rebellion, such as the Baptist War, led by Sam Sharpe in Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region by various colonial powers. Great Britain abolished slavery in its holdings in 1834. Cuba was the last island to be emancipated, when Spain abolished slavery in its colonies.

During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people, who were a majority in many Caribbean societies, began to assert their cultural, economic, and political rights with more vigor on the world stage. Marcus Garvey was among many influential immigrants to the United States from Jamaica, expanding his UNIA movement in New York City and the U.S.^[6] Afro-Caribbeans were influential in the Harlem Renaissance as artists and writers. Aimé Césaire developed a négritude movement.

In the 1960s, the West Indian territories won their independence from British colonial rule. They were pre-eminent in creating new cultural forms such as reggae music, calypso and rastafarianism within the Caribbean. Beyond the region, a developing Afro-Caribbean diaspora, including such figures as Stokely Carmichael and DJ Kool Herc, was influential in the development of the Black Power and hip-hop movements in the United States of the 1960s and the following years. African-Caribbean individuals also contributed to cultural developments in Europe, as evidenced by influential theorists such as Frantz Fanon^[7] and Stuart Hall.^[8]

Notable people

Politics

• 
  Sir Grantley Adams — Barbados, politician and lawyer; the first and only Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation (1958-1962)


• 
  Jean-Bertrand Aristide — politician, priest and head of state, Haiti


• 
  Dean Barrow — head of government, Belize


• 
  Maurice Bishop — Grenada, revolutionary leader


• 
  Paul Bogle — Jamaica, political activist


• 
  Juan Almeida Bosque — Cuban revolutionary and politician


• 
  Dutty Boukman — Jamaican and Haitian freedom fighter


• 
  Forbes Burnham — Guyana, head of government


• 
  Bussa — Barbados, freedom fighter


• 
  Stokely Carmichael — Trinidad-born, civil rights activist and leader in the US


• 
  Mary Eugenia Charles — Dominican head of government


• 
  Perry Christie — Bahamian, politician and lawyer


• 
  Henri Christophe — Haiti, revolutionary, general and head of state


• 
  John Compton — Saint Lucia, politician and lawyer


• 
  Jean-Jacques Dessalines — Haiti (est. 1804), revolutionary, general and first head of state of independent Haiti


• 
  Papa Doc Duvalier — dictator of Haiti, 20th century


• 
  Marcus Garvey — Jamaica, politician and writer, founder of UNIA and active in US politics from 1916-1927


• 
  Philip Goldson — Belize, politician


• 
  Sam Hinds — Guyana, head of government


• 
  Hubert Ingraham — Bahamian, politician and lawyer


• 
  Toussaint L'Ouverture — Saint-Domingue, revolutionary, general and governor


• 
  Joseph Robert Love — Bahamian-born, medical doctor; Jamaican politician and political activist who influenced Marcus Garvey


• 
  Antonio Maceo Grajales — Cuban revolutionary and general


• 
  Michael Manley — Jamaica, politician


• 
  Nanny of the Maroons — Jamaica, freedom fighter


• 
  Lynden Pindling — Bahamian politician, and first Prime minister of the Bahamas


• 
  Samuel Jackman Prescod — Barbados, first elected Afro-Caribbean politician in the House of Assembly


• 
  Sam Sharpe — Jamaica, freedom fighter


• 
  Solitude — Guadeloupe, freedom fighter


• 
  Eric Eustace Williams — Trinidad and Tobago politician, writer and head of government

Science and philosophy

• 
  Frantz Fanon — Martinique, writer, psychiatrist and freedom fighter


• 
  Hubert Harrison - St. Croix, writer, orator, educator, critic, and race and class conscious political activist based in Harlem, New York


• 
  Stuart Hall — Jamaican philosopher


• 
  C. L. R. James — Trinidad and Tobago, activist and writer


• 
  W. Arthur Lewis — Saint Lucia, economist and Nobel Prize recipient


• 
  Pedro Alonso Niño — Afro-Spanish explorer


• 
  Arlie Petters — Belizean mathematician


• 
  Walter Rodney — Guyanese activist and writer


• 
  Mary Seacole — Jamaican hospital director

Arts, sports and culture

• 
  Carlos Acosta — Cuba, ballet dancer


• 
  Deandre Ayton — Bahamian, college basketball player for the University of Arizona
  


• 
  John Barnes — Jamaican-born footballer


• 
  Beenie Man — Jamaica, artist and musician


• 
  Usain Bolt — Jamaica, athlete


• 
  Frank Bowling — Guyana-born, painter


• 
  Aimé Césaire — Martinique, fiction writer


• 
  Kingsley Coman — French Guadloupeen football player


• 
  Celia Cruz — Cuba, singer


• 
  Tim Duncan - St. Croix (Anguilla parentage), retired NBA superstar formerly of the San Antonio Spurs
  


• 
  Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce — Jamaica, athlete


• 
  Eddy Grant — Guyanese, singer and musician


• 
  Thierry Henry — Guadeloupe, football player, best French scorer


• 
  Buddy Hield — Bahamian, NBA player drafted to the New Orleans Pelicans
  


• 
  C. L. R. James — Trinidad, historian, essayist and journalist


• 
  Wyclef Jean — Haitian singer, composer and activist


• 
  Brian Lara — Trinidad, cricketer


• 
  Earl Lovelace — Trinidad, novelist and writer


• 
  Bob Marley — Jamaican composer, singer and musician


• 
  Anthony Martial — Guadeloupe, football player


• 
  The Mighty Sparrow — Grenadian/Trinidadian singer and composer


• 
  Shaunae Miller — Bahamian, 400m and 200m runner


• 
  Nicki Minaj — Trinidad, rapper and singer


• 
  Sean Paul — Jamaica, rapper


• 
  Sidney Poitier — Bahamas, Academy Award-winning actor in Hollywood/US


• 
  Cardi B — Trinidadian/Dominican, rapper and singer


• 
  Sir Vivian Richards — Antigua, cricketer


• 
  Rihanna — Barbados, singer


• 
  Teddy Riner — Guadeloupe, Judoka


• 
  Chevalier de Saint-Georges — Guadeloupe, composer


• 
  Darren Sammy — Saint Lucia, cricketer


• 
  Kimbo Slice — Bahamian boxer and MMA fighter


• 
  Sir Garfield Sobers — Barbadian cricketer


• 
  Bebo Valdés — Cuban musician


• 
  Derek Walcott — Saint Lucia, poet, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature

Main groups

• Afro-Antiguan and Barbudan


• Afro-Aruban


• Afro-Bahamian


• Afro-Barbadian


• Afro-Bermudian


• Afro-Colombians


• Afro-Costa Ricans


• Afro-Cuban


• Afro-Curaçaoan


• Afro-Dominican (Dominica)


• Afro-Dominican (Dominican Republic)


• Afro-Grenadian


• Afro-Guatemalan


• Afro-Guyanese


• Afro-Haitian


• Afro-Honduran


• Afro-Jamaican


• Afro-Kittian and Nevisian


• Afro-Mexicans


• Afro-Nicaraguan


• Afro-Panamanian


• Afro-Puerto Rican


• Afro-Saint Lucian


• Afro-Salvadoran


• Afro-Surinamese


• Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian


• Afro-Venezuelan


• Afro-Vincentians


• Belizean Creole people


• Other members of the African diaspora in or from the Caribbean

Culture

• Afro-Caribbean culture


• Afro-Caribbean music


• Afro-Caribbean religion

See also

• Afro-Central Americans


• Afro-South Americans


• Afro-Latin Americans


• African diaspora in the Americas

References

External links

• 
  The dictionary definition of Afro-Caribbean at Wiktionary