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Chagatai Khan
Statue of Chagatai Khan in Mongolia
Khan of the Chagatai Khanate
Reign	1226 – 1241-42
Predecessor	Genghis Khan
Successor	Qara Hülëgü
Born	22 December 1183
Died	1 July 1242(1242-07-01) (aged 58) Almaligh
Consort	Yesulun Khatun Togan Khatun Sevinch Khatun
Issue	Mutukan Baidar Yesü Möngke
Clan	Borjigin
Father	Genghis Khan
Mother	Börte Ujin
Religion	Tengriism

Chagatai Khan (Mongolian: Цагадай, Tsagadai; Chinese: 察合台, Chágětái; Turkish: Çağatay; Persian: جغتای‎, Joghatai; 22 December 1183 – 1 July 1242) was the second son of Genghis Khan. He was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate from 1226-1242 C.E.^{[1][page needed]} The Chagatai language and Chagatai Turks take their names from him. He inherited most of what are now the five Central Asian states after the death of his father.^{[1][page needed]} He was also appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the execution of the Yassa, the written code of law created by Genghis Khan, though that lasted only until Genghis Khan was crowned Khan of the Mongol Empire.^{[1][page needed]} The Empire later came to be known as the Chagatai Khanate, a descendant empire of the Mongol Empire. Chagatai Khan was considered hot-headed and somewhat temperamental by his relatives, because of his attitude of non-acceptance of Jochi as Great Khan.^{[1][page needed]} He was the most vocal about this issue among his relations. Chaghatai is in some stories held responsible for the death of Jochi and Genghis Khan.^{[1][page needed]} At any rate, he was animated by the soldier-like spirit of his father, and succeeded in keeping order among as heterogeneous a population as a kingdom was ever composed of.^{[1][page needed]}

Administration and religious tolerance

Flag of Chaghtai Khan.

Map of Chaghtai Khan's rule.

In 1232, when sedition showed itself at Bukhara, he acted with promptness, if with severity, and saved his country from a far-reaching calamity.^{[1][page needed]} He was, in all probability, an old-fashioned Mongol, for he stood by the Yassa and that he showed little favor to what was, at that time in his dominions, the comparatively new and rising religion of Islam.^{[1][page needed]} He must, however, have been fairly tolerant, for it is recorded that his minister for Transoxiana was a Muslim, called the Jumilat-ul-Mulk or Karachar Nevian,^[2] and that mosques and colleges were founded during his reign.^{[1][page needed]} Chaghatai was also never inclined towards Christianity, though that religion, as practiced by the Nestorians, must have been familiar to him.^{[1][page needed]}

Chaghatai's own capital was at Almaligh, in the valley of the Upper Ili, near the site of the present Kulja, and consequently in the extreme east of his dominion.^{[1][page needed]} His reason for fixing it in that remote position, instead of at Bukhara or Samarkand, was probably one of necessity. His Mongol tribesmen and followers—the mainstay of his power—were passionately fond of the life of the steppes.^{[1][page needed]} The dwellers in houses and towns were, in their eyes, a degenerate and effeminate race: the tillers of the soil, slaves who toiled like cattle, in order that their betters might pass their time in luxury. They would serve no Khan who did not pass a life worthy of free-born men and Chaghatai and his immediate successors probably saw, as his later descendants are described by Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat to have seen that the one way of retaining the allegiance of his own people, was to humour their desires in this respect, and live, with them, a nomad's life.^{[1][page needed]}

Family

The funeral of Chagatai Khan.

Chaghatai died in 1242, after a reign of about 16 years, and within the same year the death of Ogedai occurred at Karakorum.^{[1][page needed]} Thus two out of four of the chief divisions of the Mongol empire were suddenly deprived of their sovereigns, with the result that nearly the whole of the successors of Genghis Khan began disputing for the succession.^{[1][page needed]} However, for the time being, it ended in Turakina, Ogedai's widow, being appointed regent.^{[1][page needed]} But lasting disputes remained among the rival claimants and for long afterward, the disputes regarding the succession to the throne of the great Khan became inextricably mixed up with the affairs, especially in the eastern part, of Chaghatai's Khanate.^{[1][page needed]}

Little is known of the way in which Chaghatai disposed of his kingdom at his death, and there appears to be no mention, anywhere, of his having followed the ancestral custom of his house in distributing it among his descendants. He is recorded to have left a numerous family, but to have been succeeded by a grandson, and a minor, named Qara Hülëgü, while his widow, Ebuskun, assumed the regency.^{[1][page needed]}

Mutukan

Chagatai's son Mutukan (Mö'etüken) was killed during the siege of Bamiyan in 1221.^[3]

Turkistan, Transoxiana, and the adjacent regions were controlled directly by his descendents but not Kashghar, Yarkand, Khotan, Aksu, and the southern slopes of the Tian Shan mountains—or, in other words, to the province south of the line of the Tian Shan, which is called, in our times, Eastern Turkestan.^{[1][page needed]} As regards this province, Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat says that it was given by Chaghatai, presumably at his death, to the clan or house of Dughlat, whose members were reckoned to be of the purest Mongol descent, and one of the noblest divisions of that people.^{[1][page needed]} The Dughlats were thus made hereditary chiefs, or Amirs, of the various districts of Eastern Turkestan, as far back as the time of Chaghatai, for it is chiefly on this incident that hinges the permanent division of the Chaghatai realm into two branches, at a later date.^{[1][page needed]}

Baidar

Baidar was the second son of Chagatai Khan. He participated in the European campaign ("The elder boys campaign" as it was known in Mongolia) with his nephew Büri from 1235-1241. He commanded the Mongol army assigned to Poland with Kadan and, probably, Orda Khan

Early in May 1241 they entered Moravia. Then they continued via Brno, to join Batu's main army in Hungary. The destruction in Poland, Silesia and Moravia was all much of the same kind.

In 1240 Baidar participated in the election of Güyük Khan in 1247.

Moucy

Moucy was the second son of Chagatai, son-in-law to Batu^[4] (Batu Khan)

Moucy is mentioned by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine in his work History of Mongols whom we call Tatars (Ystoria Mongalorum).^[5] In Carpine's work Moucy controlled territory on the left bank of the Dnieper in the land of Comans (Cumans) and he was senior to Korenca (Kuremsa) who was on the right bank.

Genealogy of Chaghatai Khanate

In Babr Nama written by Babur, Page 19, Chapter 1; described genealogy of his maternal grandfather Yunas Khan as:

Yunas Khan descended from Chaghatal Khan, the second son of Chlngiz Khan (as follows,) Yunas Khan, son of Wais Khan, son of Sher-'ali Aughldn, son of Muhammad Khan, son of Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of Tughluq-timur Khan, son of Aisan-bugha Khan, son of Dawa Khan, son of Baraq Khan, son of Yesuntawa Khan, son of Muatukan, son of Chaghatal Khan, son of Chingiz Khan.^[6]

"Chughtai Khanates" A research project by Dr Abdul Rauf Mughal

Ancestry

Notes