Kubuntu

The name of the pictureThe name of the pictureThe name of the pictureClash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP
































Kubuntu

Kubuntu logo and wordmark.svg

Kubuntu 18.04 Desktop.jpg
Kubuntu 18.04 LTS "Bionic Beaver"

Developer
Community-driven, previously Blue Systems[1]/Canonical
OS family
Linux
Working state
Current
Source model
Open source
Initial release
April 8, 2005; 13 years ago (2005-04-08)
Latest release
18.04 (Bionic Beaver)[2][3] / April 26, 2018; 3 months ago (2018-04-26)
Available in
Multilingual (more than 55)
Update method
PackageKit or APT
Package manager
dpkg
Platforms
IA-32, x86-64, ARM

Kernel type
Monolithic (Linux)
Userland
GNU
Default user interface

KDE Plasma Desktop
Plasma Mobile
License
Free software licenses
(mainly GPL)
Official website
www.kubuntu.org

Kubuntu (/kʊˈbʊntuː/ kuu-BUUN-too)[4] is an official flavour of the Ubuntu operating system which uses the KDE Plasma Desktop instead of the GNOME desktop environment. As part of the Ubuntu project, Kubuntu uses the same underlying systems. Every package in Kubuntu shares the same repositories as Ubuntu,[5] and it is released regularly on the same schedule as Ubuntu.[6]


Kubuntu was sponsored by Canonical Ltd. until 2012, and then directly by Blue Systems. Now employees of Blue Systems contribute upstream, to KDE and Debian, and Kubuntu development is led by community contributors. During the changeover, Kubuntu retained the use of Ubuntu project servers and existing developers.[7]




Contents





  • 1 Name


  • 2 Comparison with Ubuntu


  • 3 History


  • 4 Releases


  • 5 System requirements


  • 6 Deployments


  • 7 Gallery


  • 8 See also


  • 9 References


  • 10 External links




Name


"Kubuntu" is a registered trademark held by Canonical.[8] It is derived from the name Ubuntu, prefixing a K to represent the KDE platform Kubuntu is built upon (following a widespread naming convention of prefixing K to the name of any software released for use on KDE platforms), as well as the KDE community.


Since ubuntu is a Bantu term translating roughly to "humanity", and since Bantu grammar involves prefixes to form noun classes, it turns out that the prefix ku- having the meaning "toward" in Bemba, kubuntu is also a meaningful Bemba word or phrase translating to "toward humanity".
Reportedly, the same word by coincidence also takes the meaning of "free" (without payment) in Kirundi.[9]



Comparison with Ubuntu


Kubuntu typically only differs from Ubuntu in graphical applications and tools:





























Software
Ubuntu
Kubuntu
Kernel and core

Linux kernel and Ubuntu core
Graphics

X.Org Server
Sound

PulseAudio
Multimedia

GStreamer
Window manager

Mutter

KWin
Desktop
GNOME

Plasma Desktop
Primary toolkit

GTK+, Nux, and Qt

Qt
Browser

Firefox
Office suite

LibreOffice
Email and PIM

Thunderbird

Kontact

Kubuntu's Plasma Desktop is fully customizable without extra tools or configuration file editing. Originally designed to ease transition for users from other operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows) by allowing a similar desktop layout, the KDE Plasma Desktop incorporates widget-centric modularity that allows the user to incorporate function similar to all other operating systems and also create new functionality not found in other operating system desktops. Desktop effects are integrated in the standard KWin installation, and enabled by default.[citation needed]



History


The birth date of Kubuntu was the 10th December 2004 at the Ubuntu Mataro Conference in Mataró, Spain.[10] Canonical employee Andreas Mueller, from Gnoppix, had the idea to make a Ubuntu KDE deviate and got the allowance from Mark Shuttleworth to start the first Ubuntu deviate, called Kubuntu. On the same evening Chris Halls from the Openoffice project and Jonathan Riddell from KDE started volunteering to the newborn Project.


Mark Shuttleworth, in an interview shortly after Ubuntu (which now uses the Unity desktop environment, previously having used GNOME) was started, stated:[11]


.mw-parser-output .templatequoteoverflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequoteciteline-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0

I believe that the KDE community does phenomenal work, and having a community-driven distribution to showcase that work will help attract users and developers to the project. Our overall goal in the Ubuntu project is to further the adoption of free software on the desktop and the server, and we recognise that KDE is an essential part of the mix of desktop environments that allows people to find the best environment for their needs.


The Kubuntu team released the first edition, Hoary Hedgehog, on April 8, 2005 (2005-04-08).


K Desktop Environment 3 was used as default interface until Kubuntu 8.04. That version included KDE Plasma Desktop as unsupported option which became default in the subsequent release, 8.10.[12]


On February 6, 2012 (2012-02-06), Canonical employee Jonathan Riddell announced the end of Canonical's Kubuntu sponsorship.[13] On April 10, 2012 (2012-04-10), Blue Systems was announced on the Kubuntu website as new sponsor.[1] As a result, both developers employed by Canonical to work on Kubuntu – Jonathan Riddell and Aurélien Gâteau – transferred to Blue Systems.[14]



Releases












Colour
Meaning
Red
Release no longer supported
Yellow
Release still supported
Green
Current release
Blue
Future release

Kubuntu follows the same naming/versioning system as Ubuntu, with each release having a code name and a version number (based on the year and month of release). Canonical provides support and security updates for Kubuntu components that are shared with Ubuntu for 18 months – five years in case of long-term support (LTS) versions – after release.[15] Both a desktop version and an alternative (installation) version (for both x86 and AMD64 platforms) are available. Kubuntu CDs were also available through the ShipIt service (discontinued as of April 2011).[16]















































































































































Version
Release date
Code name
Supported until
Notes

5.04
2005-04-08[17][18]Hoary Hedgehog
2006-10-31
Initial release including KDE 3.4 and a selection of the most useful KDE programs. Some of these are not in the official KDE itself, including Amarok, Kaffeine, Gwenview, and K3b. Inclusion of update-manager/upgrade-notifier; Kickstart compatibility.

5.10
2005-10-13[19][20]Breezy Badger
2007-04-13
KDE 3.4.3 and the Guidance configuration tools. It also comes with the Adept Package Manager, the first to make use of debtags for easier searching (replacing the Kynaptic package manager used in the previous release); System Settings, a re-organised kcontrol-like centre and KDE Bluetooth; Graphical boot process with progress bar (USplash); OEM Installer Support; Launchpad tracking; GCC 4.0.

6.06 LTS
2006-06-01[21][22][23]Dapper Drake
2009-06
Long Term Support (LTS) release; Live CD and Installer on one disc; Ubiquity installer; Adept Notifier and Simplified Installer; X Display Configuration from Guidance; Better Asian language support; Avahi networking software.

6.10
2006-10-26[24][25]Edgy Eft
2008-04
KDE 3.5.5. This release adds the photo management application Digikam and accessibility profiles – benefiting people with disabilities. System Settings is also redesigned, and power management, laptop button support & networking are improved. Also features automated problem reports and Upstart.[26]

7.04
2007-04-19[27]Feisty Fawn
2008-10
KDE 3.5.6; Migration assistant; KVM; Easy codec/restricted drivers installation; System Settings restructured into General and Advanced categories; Improved Hewlett-Packard printer management; KNetworkManager included; WPA support; Topic-based help system; OEM installer update; PowerPC support officially dropped.

7.10
2007-10-18[28][29]Gutsy Gibbon
2009-04-18
New background art. Ships with Strigi and Dolphin by default. Qt port of GDebi graphical installer for package files. Includes Restricted Drivers Manager for the first time.[30] New kubuntu-restricted-extras package is available for download from the repositories.

8.04 
2008-04-24[31]Hardy Heron
2009-10
It has two versions: KDE 3.5 and KDE 4.0 (With community support only). This version intends to provide feature parity with GNOME-based Ubuntu.[32] This includes a port of system-config-printer to Qt to enable printer auto-detection, easy video codec installation in Kaffeine, a simple Compiz setup tool and inclusion of Bulletproof X in KDM,[33][34] and automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine. Ubuntu 8.04 is a long term support release but Kubuntu 8.04 is not.

8.10
2008-10-30
Intrepid Ibex[35]2010-04-30[36]KDE 4.1.2 desktop environment by default, Linux 2.6.27, Xserver 1.5, Adept Manager 3, KNetworkManager 0.7, KWin desktop effects by default, various Kubuntu tool integration.

9.04
2009-04-23
Jaunty Jackalope
2010-10
KDE 4.2.2 desktop environment by default, kernel 2.6.28, Xserver 1.6, Adept superseded by KPackageKit,[37] implementation of the ext4 filesystem, faster boot time.,[38] Community Supported PowerPC images added[39]

9.10
2009-10-29[40][41]Karmic Koala
2011-04-28
KDE 4.3.2 desktop environment by default, GRUB 2, init system moved to Upstart, kernel 2.6.31

10.04 LTS
2010-04-29
Lucid Lynx
2013-05-09
Long Term Support (LTS) release. Security updates will be available for three years for desktops and five years for servers. KDE 4.4.2 desktop environment by default, kernel 2.6.32, KPackageKit 0.5.4, Firefox KDE integration, touchpad configuration module by default.

10.10
2010-10-10[42][43]Maverick Meerkat
2012-04
KDE Software Compilation 4.5. Faster login. Default browser changed to Rekonq. New bluetooth stack. Pulseaudio inclusion. Updated Kpackagekit with categories. Global menu for netbook. Updated Installer. Combining of the Desktop and Netbook Editions (autodetection).

11.04
2011-04-28[44][45][46]Natty Narwhal
2012-10-28
KDE SC 4.6, kernel 2.6.38, GStreamer multimedia backend for Phonon, GTK Oxygen theme, games in the default install, UDisks and UPower replace HAL.

11.10
2011-10-13[47][48]Oneiric Ocelot
2013-05-09
KDE SC 4.7, kernel 3.0.3, replacing kpackagekit with Muon Software Centre, Kubuntu low fat setting, OpenGL ES Powered Desktop Effects, Kdepim 4.7.2[49][50]

12.04 LTS
2012-04-26[51]Precise Pangolin
2017-04-28
The third Kubuntu LTS release. KDE SC 4.8, kernel 3.2.0.

12.10
2012-10-18[52]Quantal Quetzal
2014-04
LibreOffice 3.6.2.2, Rekonq 1.1, KDE SC 4.9.2

13.04
2013-04-25[53]Raring Ringtail
2014-01[54]KDE SC 4.10, Muon Suite 2, LibreOffice 4, Optional Homerun launcher, out-of-the-box MTP support

13.10
2013-10-17[55]Saucy Salamander
2014-06
KDE SC 4.11.2, LibreOffice 4.1.2 rc3

14.04 LTS
2014-04-17[56]Trusty Tahr
2019-04
KDE SC 4.13.0, LibreOffice 4.2.3.3. Default browser changed back to Firefox.

14.10
2014-10-23[57][58][59]Utopic Unicorn
2015-06
KDE SC 4.14, KDE Plasma 5 as technical preview.

15.04
2015-04-23[60][61]Vivid Vervet
2015-12
KDE Plasma 5.2.2 is now the default desktop environment. Adaptation to systemd and to SDDM. Behind-the-scenes work on the change to Wayland.

15.10
2015-10-22[62]Wily Werewolf
2016-06
KDE Plasma 5.4.1, Firefox 41.0, LibreOffice 5.0.

16.04 LTS
2016-04-21[63]Xenial Xerus
2019-04[64]KDE Plasma 5.5, Firefox 45, LibreOffice 5.1

16.10
2016-10-13[65]Yakkety Yak
2017-06[66]KDE Plasma 5.7.5, KDE Applications 16.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.26.0, LibreOffice 5.2, Firefox 49, Linux Kernel 4.8

17.04
2017-04-13[67]Zesty Zapus
2018-01[68]KDE Plasma 5.9, KDE Applications 16.12.3, KDE Frameworks 5.31, LibreOffice 5.3, Firefox 52, Linux Kernel 4.10

17.10
2017-10-19[69]Artful Aardvark
2018-07[70]KDE Plasma 5.10, KDE Applications 17.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.38, LibreOffice 5.4.1, Firefox 56, Linux Kernel 4.13, Cantata replaces Amarok as audio player, VLC replaces Dragon Player as media player

18.04 LTS
2018-04-26[71][2][3][72][73]Bionic Beaver
2021-04[74]KDE Plasma 5.12 LTS, LibreOffice 6.0 and Firefox 59; double-click is now default to open files; file indexing default changed to "basic" only (not file content).[75]


System requirements


The desktop version of Kubuntu currently supports the Intel x86 and the AMD64 architectures. Some releases support other architectures including: SPARC,[76]PowerPC,[77][78]IA-64 (Itanium), and PlayStation 3 (however, a firmware update from Sony in April 2010 disabled OtherOS, making the PS3 unable to run other operating systems).


The recommended minimum system requirements for a desktop installation are as follows:














Desktop & Laptop[79]
Required

Processor
2 GHz dual core (x86)

Memory
2 GB

Hard drive capacity
25 GB

Video card
VGA @ 1024×768

If "Desktop effects" are desired, a supported GPU is required.



Deployments


Kubuntu rollouts include the world's largest Linux desktop deployment, that includes more than 500,000 desktops in Brazil (in 42,000 schools of 4,000 cities).[80][81][82][83]


The software of the 14,800 Linux workspaces of Munich was switched to Kubuntu LTS 12.04 and KDE 4.11.[84][85]


The Taipei City Government decided to replace Windows with a Kubuntu distribution on 10,000 PCs for schools.[86][87]


The French Parliament announced in 2006 that they would switch over 1,000 workstations to Kubuntu by June 2007.[88][89]


A Kubuntu distribution, by La Laguna University, is used in more than 3,000 computers spread in several computer labs, laboratories and libraries, among other internal projects in the Canary Islands.[90] Since October 2007, Kubuntu is now used in all of the 1,100 state-run schools in the Canary Islands.[91][92]



Gallery





  • Kubuntu 5.04







  • Kubuntu 5.10







  • Kubuntu 6.06 LTS







  • Kubuntu 6.10







  • Kubuntu 7.04







  • Kubuntu 7.10







  • Kubuntu 8.04







  • Kubuntu 8.10







  • Kubuntu 9.04 showing some of its Desktop Effects







  • Kubuntu 9.10







  • Kubuntu 10.04 LTS Netbook Edition







  • Kubuntu 10.04 LTS Desktop Edition







  • Kubuntu 10.10







  • Kubuntu 11.04 Desktop Edition







  • Kubuntu 11.04 Netbook Edition







  • Kubuntu 11.10







  • Kubuntu 12.04 LTS Desktop Edition







  • Kubuntu 12.04 LTS Netbook Edition







  • Kubuntu 12.10 Desktop Edition







  • Kubuntu 12.10 Netbook Edition







  • Kubuntu 13.04







  • Kubuntu 13.10







  • Kubuntu 14.04 LTS







  • Kubuntu 14.10







  • Kubuntu 15.04 with a dark theme







  • Kubuntu 15.10







  • Kubuntu 16.04 LTS







  • Kubuntu 17.04







  • Kubuntu 17.10







  • Kubuntu 18.04 LTS





See also



  • Lubuntu

  • Xubuntu


References




  1. ^ ab "to be Sponsored by Blue Systems". Kubuntu. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  2. ^ ab BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu - Ubuntu Wiki


  3. ^ ab Kubuntu 18.04 has been released, featuring the beautiful KDE Plasma 5.12 LTS | Kubuntu


  4. ^ "The Ubuntu Story". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 2017-09-22. 


  5. ^ "Is Kubuntu a fork?". Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. 


  6. ^ "Kubuntu Wiki". Wiki.kubuntu.org. 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  7. ^ Garling, Caleb (2012-04-11). "Kubuntu Linux Gets New Sugar Daddy". Wired. 


  8. ^ UK registered trademark #E4541661 "KUBUNTU", filed 2005-07-08.


  9. ^ "Meaning of Kubuntu". Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. 


  10. ^ "Kubuntu Birthdate". Ubuntu. Retrieved 2004-12-10. 


  11. ^ "Mark Shuttleworth on the future of Kubuntu". Lwn.net. 2006-04-26. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  12. ^ "8.10 Refreshes the Desktop". Kubuntu. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  13. ^ "Kubuntu Status". Lists.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  14. ^ "Into the blue | Aurélien's Room". Agateau.com. 2012-04-11. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  15. ^ "Ubuntu – Desktop for Business". Retrieved 2012-05-26. 


  16. ^ "ShipIt Kubuntu". Archived from the original on 2010-12-12. 


  17. ^ "5.04 Release Notes". 2005-04-08. Retrieved 2007-04-14. 


  18. ^ Testing Kubuntu 5.04 [LWN.net]


  19. ^ "Ubuntu 5.10 announcement". Retrieved 2006-10-11. 


  20. ^ "Ubuntu 5.10 release notes". Retrieved 2006-12-21. 


  21. ^ "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS announcement". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2006-12-21. 


  22. ^ "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS release notes". Retrieved 2006-12-21. 


  23. ^ Kubuntu 6.06 | Tux Machines


  24. ^ "Ubuntu 6.10 announcement". Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2006-10-26. 


  25. ^ "Ubuntu 6.10 release notes". Retrieved 2006-12-21. 


  26. ^ "Kubuntu 6.10 release announcement". Archived from the original on 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2007-03-30. 


  27. ^ "Ubuntu 7.04 announcement". Retrieved 2007-02-06. 


  28. ^ "GutsyReleaseSchedule – Ubuntu Wiki". Retrieved 2007-04-12. 


  29. ^ "Introducing the Gutsy Gibbon". 2007-04-12. Retrieved 2007-05-06. 


  30. ^ "Kubuntu 7.10 Release Notes". Retrieved 2007-11-01. 


  31. ^ "HardyReleaseSchedule". Retrieved 2007-12-01. 


  32. ^ "Kubuntu Hardy Catchup – Ubuntu Wiki". Wiki.kubuntu.org. 2008-08-06. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  33. ^ "Back from Release Event, Printer Magic, Compiz Settings". Kdedevelopers.org. 2008-01-24. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  34. ^ "UDS". Kdedevelopers.org. 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  35. ^ "Next Ubuntu release to be called Intrepid Ibex, due in October". Retrieved 2008-02-20. 


  36. ^ "Ubuntu 8.10 reaches end-of-life on April 30, 2010". Lists.ubuntu.com. 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  37. ^ "Farewell, Adept (mornfall's web)". Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. 


  38. ^ "JauntyJackalope/Alpha5/Kubuntu Introduction". Retrieved 2009-03-11. 


  39. ^ "Kubuntu 9.04 Release Announcement". Kubuntu.org. 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  40. ^ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 331, 30 November 2009


  41. ^ Kubuntu 9.10 Karmic Koala is really nice, Dedoimedo


  42. ^ Kubuntu 10.10 review | LinuxBSDos.com


  43. ^ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 376, 18 October 2010


  44. ^ Weekly, Issue 413, 11 July 2011


  45. ^ Kubuntu Natty Narwal review - KDElicious!


  46. ^ Kubuntu 11.04 review | LinuxBSDos.com


  47. ^ Kubuntu 11.10 review | LinuxBSDos.com


  48. ^ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 428, 24 October 2011


  49. ^ "Kubuntu 11.10 Sneak Peak | Apachelogger's Log". Apachelog.wordpress.com. 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  50. ^ "OneiricOcelot/ReleaseNotes - Ubuntu Wiki". Wiki.kubuntu.org. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  51. ^ Kubuntu 12.04 review - Precise what?, Dedoimedo


  52. ^ Kubuntu 12.10 review - Improving somewhat, Dedoimedo


  53. ^ Kubuntu 13.04 Raring Ringtail review - Cushty, Dedoimedo


  54. ^ Sneddon, Joey-Elijah (2013-03-20). "Ubuntu To Halve Support Window for 'Regular' Releases". OMG! Ubuntu!. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  55. ^ Kubuntu 13.10 – A great alternative to Ubuntu and Windows., Everyday Linux User


  56. ^ Kubuntu 14.04 Trusty Tahr review, Dedoimedo


  57. ^ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 587, 1 December 2014


  58. ^ Kubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn with Plasma guns!, Dedoimedo


  59. ^ Kubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn - That's better, Dedoimedo


  60. ^ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 611, 25 May 2015


  61. ^ Kubuntu 15.04 Vivid Vervet - Loading ... 99%, Dedoimedo


  62. ^ Kubuntu 15.10 Wily Werewolf - Pretty useless, Dedoimedo


  63. ^ Kubuntu 16.04 Xenial Xerus - Not meant to be, Dedoimedo


  64. ^ "Kubuntu XenialXerus ReleaseNotes, Support Lifespan". wiki.ubuntu.com. 2016-04-27. Retrieved 2016-05-09. 


  65. ^ Kubuntu 16.10 Yakkety Yak - Cautiously good?, Dedoimedo


  66. ^ "Kubuntu YakketyYak ReleaseNotes, Support Lifespan". wiki.ubuntu.com. 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-14. 


  67. ^ Kubuntu 17.04 Zesty Zaphod - Kawabuntu!, Dedoimedo


  68. ^ "Kubuntu ZestyZapus ReleaseNotes, Support Lifespan". wiki.ubuntu.com. 2017-05-28. Retrieved 2017-05-28. 


  69. ^ Kubuntu 17.10 review - Hello darkness my old friend, Dedoimedo


  70. ^ "Kubuntu ZestyZapus ReleaseNotes, Support Lifespan". wiki.ubuntu.com. 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-10-19. 


  71. ^ "Bionic : Release Kubuntu 18.04 LTS". kubuntu.org. 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2018-02-24. 


  72. ^ Kubuntu 18.04 Bionic Beaver - Long-term uncertainty, Dedoimedo


  73. ^ Timmis, Rick. "Kubuntu Close-up » Linux Magazine". Linux Magazine. Retrieved 2018-08-27. 


  74. ^ "Kubuntu release notes for Kubuntu 18.04 LTS". wiki.ubuntu.com. 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2018-04-25. 


  75. ^ "Kubuntu release notes for Kubuntu 18.04 LTS". wiki.ubuntu.com. 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2018-04-25. 


  76. ^ "Kubuntu 8.04 Releases". Retrieved 2009-03-11. 


  77. ^ "Technical Board Decision – February 2007". Retrieved 2008-06-13. 


  78. ^ "Kubuntu 8.04 Releases". Retrieved 2009-03-11. 


  79. ^ "Installation/SystemRequirements". Retrieved 2017-11-20. 


  80. ^ "The Worlds Largest Linux Desktop Deployment: 500,000 Seats and Counting". Linux Foundation. 2013-04-02. Archived from the original on 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  81. ^ "The world's largest Linux desktop deployment". Lwn.net. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  82. ^ "Kubuntu to be Sponsored by Blue Systems". Kubuntu.org. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  83. ^ "42,000 schools running Kubuntu derivative". Blogs.kde.org. 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 


  84. ^ "Official Munich IT blog: Debian + Kubuntu Bug Squashing Party 2013". 


  85. ^ "Jonathan Riddell blog: Debian + Kubuntu Bug Squashing Party 2013". 


  86. ^ "Taipei replaces Windows with Linux on 10,000 school PCs". 


  87. ^ "ezgo - Free And Open Source Software In Taiwan's Schools". 


  88. ^ "The French Parliament switches to Kubuntu". Archived from the original on 2010-01-22. 


  89. ^ "French parliament dumping Windows for Linux". Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. 


  90. ^ "Virtue of Necessity". 


  91. ^ "Kubuntu in the Canary Islands". 


  92. ^ "Kubuntu Takes Over the Canary Islands". 



External links





  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata


  • Kubuntu at DistroWatch


  • Kubuntuguide – Help manual (unofficial), tips, FAQ, and software guide









-

Popular posts from this blog

倭马亚王朝

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center 倭马亚王朝 بنو أمية ‎ 661年－750年 国旗 倭马亚哈里发国的版图 首都 大马士革（661-744） 哈兰（744-750） 常用语言 阿拉伯语（官方），亚拉姆语，亚美尼亚语，柏柏尔语族，非洲罗曼语，科普特语，格鲁吉亚语，希腊语，希伯来语，突厥语族，库尔德语 [1] ，波斯语，莫札拉布语 宗教 伊斯兰教逊尼派 政府 君主制 哈里发   • 661年–680年 穆阿威叶一世 • 744年–750年 马尔万二世 历史   • 穆阿威叶哈里发 661年 • 阿拔斯家族战胜并杀死马尔万二世，王朝灭亡 750年 面积 750年 13,400,000 km 2 人口 • 750年 34000000 货币 倭马亚第纳尔 先前国 继承国 四大哈里发 拜占庭帝国 西哥特王国 阿拔斯王朝 后倭马亚王朝 大伊朗地區歷史 現代國家興起前 現代之前 伊斯蘭之前 俾什达迪王朝 神话时期 凯扬王朝 （ 英语 ： Kayanian dynasty ） 神话时期 史前 （ 英语 ： Prehistoric Iran ） 埃蘭文明 前3200年－前2800年 埃蘭王朝 前2800年－前550年 吉罗夫特文化 （ 英语 ： Jiroft culture ） 卢卢比人 （ 英语 ： Lullubi ） 古提人 塞尔提亚人 （ 英语 ： Cyrtian ） 科杜内 （ 英语 ： Corduene ） 巴克特里亞-馬爾吉阿納 前2200年－前1700年 馬納王國 前10–前7世紀 米底王國 前728年－前550年 斯基泰王国 前652年–前625年 阿契美尼德王朝 前550年－前330年 塞琉古帝國 前330年－前150年 希腊-巴克特里亚王国 前250年－前125年 帕提亞帝國 前224年－公元248年 公元后 貴霜帝國 30–275年 薩珊王朝 224–651年 阿夫里格王朝 305–995年 嚈噠帝國 425–557年 喀布爾-夏希王朝 565–879年 达不义德王朝 （ 英语 ： Dabu
Read more

Gabbro

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP A coarse-grained mafic intrusive rock Gabbro Photomicrograph of a thin section of gabbro Gabbro ( / ˈ ɡ æ b r oʊ / ) is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rock formed from the slow cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the Earth's surface. Slow-cooling, coarse-grained gabbro is chemically equivalent to rapid-cooling, fine-grained basalt. Much of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of gabbro, formed at mid-ocean ridges. Gabbro is also found as plutons associated with continental volcanism. Due to its variant nature, the term "gabbro" may be applied loosely to a wide range of intrusive rocks, many of which are merely "gabbroic". Contents 1 Etymology 2 Petrology 3 Distribution 4 Uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology The term "gabbro" was used in the 1760s to name a set of rock types that were found in the ophiolites of the Apenn
Read more

托萊多 (西班牙)

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center 托萊多 城市 Toledo 托莱多的夕照景色——左邊的托莱多城堡和右邊的托莱多主教座堂在天際線中顯眼 旗幟 徽章 托萊多 坐标： 39°51′24″N 4°1′28″W  /  39.85667°N 4.02444°W  / 39.85667; -4.02444 坐标： 39°51′24″N 4°1′28″W  /  39.85667°N 4.02444°W  / 39.85667; -4.02444 國家   西班牙 西班牙 自治區   卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰 省 托萊多省 地区 托萊多 司法辖区 托萊多 聚居 約前7世紀 政府  • 市长 Emiliano García-Page Sánchez （PSOE） 面积  • 陸地 232.1 平方公里（89.6 平方英里） 海拔 529 米（1,736 英尺） 人口 （2015年）INE  • 總計 83,226  • 密度 35,904/平方公里（92,990/平方英里） 邮编 45001-45009 電話區號 +34 網站 http://www.ayto-toledo.org/ 托莱多 （西班牙語： Toledo ， 西班牙語： [toˈleðo] ），又稱 杜麗多 ，是西班牙中部的一个自治市，位于马德里西南约70公里。托莱多是托莱多省的首府，也是其所在的卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰自治区的首府。该市2017年人口83,741人 [1] 。 托莱多始於羅馬時期，在腓力二世前為卡斯蒂利亞王國（後西班牙王國）首都。它因其保存完好的基督教、伊斯兰教和犹太教建筑而在1986年被评为世界文化遺產，有哥德式、摩爾式、巴洛克式和新古典式各類教堂、寺院、修道院、王宮、城牆、博物館等古建築70多處。 目录 1 纹章 2 歷史事件 3 地理 4 气候 5 著名景点 6 友好城市 7 著名人物 8 图集 9 参考文献 10 外部連結 纹章 托莱多纹章 托莱多的纹章据称是由查理五世授予的。纹章由带着盾徽的黑色的帝国双头鹰组成。盾徽是卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂的纹章，下面有石榴图案。盾徽被金羊毛勋章垂饰所环绕。双头
Read more