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Javier Sotomayor

Sotomayor in 2009
Personal information
Full name	Javier Sotomayor Sanabria
Nationality	Cuban
Born	(1967-10-13) 13 October 1967 (age 51) Limonar, Matanzas, Cuba
Height	1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)
Weight	82 kg (181 lb)
Sport
Sport	Track and field
Event(s)	High jump
Medal record Men's athletics Representing  Cuba Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 1 1 0 World Championships 2 2 0 World Indoor Championships 4 1 1 Pan American Games 3 0 0 CAC Championships 2 0 1 Total 12 4 2 Olympic Games 1992 Barcelona High jump 2000 Sydney High jump World Championships 1993 Stuttgart High jump 1997 Athens High jump 1991 Tokyo High jump 1995 Gothenburg High jump IAAF World Indoor Championships 1989 Budapest High jump 1993 Toronto High jump 1995 Barcelona High jump 1999 Maebashi High jump 1985 Paris High jump 1991 Seville High jump Goodwill Games 1994 Saint Petersburg High jump  1998 New York High jump  Pan American Games 1987 Indianapolis High jump 1991 Havana High jump 1995 Mar del Plata High jump Friendship Games 1984 Moscow High jump CAC Championships 1985 Nassau High jump 1989 San Juan High jump 1983 Havana High jump Universiade 1989 Duisburg High jump Pan American Junior Championships 1986 Winter Park High jump CAC Junior Championships (U20) 1986 Mexico City High jump

Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈβjeɾ sotomaˈʝoɾ]; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban former track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder.^[1] The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of 2.45 m (8 ft 1/2 in) makes him the only person ever to have cleared eight feet.

He was a two-time gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at the competition. At the IAAF World Indoor Championships he won four gold medals between 1989 and 1999. In addition, he won three straight titles at the Pan American Games from 1987 to 1995. He is regarded as the best high jumper of all time. Cuban boycotts of the Olympics in 1984 and 1988 and an injury in 1996 cost him chances at additional Olympic medals, but he returned to win the silver medal at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney. Sotomayor retired in 2001.

Personal life

Sotomayor was born October 13, 1967 in Limonar, Matanzas Province. The son of a day-care worker and a sugar factory maintenance man, Sotomayor was first sent to a Cuban sports school as a prospective basketball player because of his height. At age 14, coaches made him a high jumper.^[2] By 19, he was ranked No. 5 in the world.

Sotomayor listed his competition weight at 82 kilograms (181 pounds). He is 1.95 metres (6 ft 5 in). Sotomayor is engaged to Amaya Gonzalez, sharing private and professional life. Has four sons.^[3] One of his sons, Javier Sotomayor García, has also competed in the high jump.^[4]

World junior record in 1984

Sotomayor was only 14 when he first cleared 2 meters (6' 6 3/4") and by the end of 1983 he had a best of 2.15 m. He then set the junior world record on 19 May 1984 by clearing 2.33 metres (7 feet 7 3/4 inches) at a meet held in Havana. He was not able to go to Los Angeles, California for the 1984 Olympics due to the boycott by Cuba (and most communist nations). In 1985 he took silver in the World Indoor Championships in Paris, with a best jump of 2.30 metres on 19 January, and then improved his personal best two months later outdoors in Havana, with a jump of 2.34 on 20 March 1985. He continued to improve the following year with a best jump of 2.36 m at a meet in Santiago de Cuba on 23 February 1986. He won his first international title in 1987, at the Pan American Games, and established a new personal best of 2.37 m (7 feet 9 1/2 inches) at a meet in Athens, Greece on 20 June 1987.^[5]

First world record 1988

On 8 September 1988, at a meet held in Salamanca, Spain – just four days before the opening ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympics – he set a world record of 2.43 metres (7 feet 11 and three-quarter inches). However, Sotomayor was again denied the chance to compete in the Olympics in Seoul due to another Cuban boycott of the Olympics. Sotomayor's leap of 2.43 broke, by one centimeter, the record of 2.42 set the previous summer (30 June 1987) by Sweden's Patrik Sjöberg in Stockholm.

Raises record in 1989 and again in 1993

Sotomayor twice increased the world record, to 2.44 meters (8 feet) on July 29, 1989 in the Central American and Caribbean Championships, held in San Juan and to the current record of 2.45 m (8 feet and one-half inch) on July 27, 1993 in Salamanca.^[6] The July 1989 record of 2.44 m, which he cleared on his second attempt, was a historic jump for Imperial-measure fans, as that was the first jump over 8 feet.

After setting the record at 2.44 m in July 1989, Sotomayor became inconsistent the following year. He missed much of the 1990 outdoor season after surgery to remove scar tissue in his knee and heel. Competing before an adoring Cuban public at the Pan American Games in Havana on Saturday 10 August 1991, Sotomayor defeated his principal rival, American Hollis Conway, with a jump of 2.35 m (7' 8 1/2"). He then thrilled the crowd by having the bar raised 10 cm to a new world record of 2.45, but in each of his three attempts he jumped into the bar, striking it with his shoulders on the way up each time. Afterwards he said, "My physical condition is better, but psychologically I am not well prepared."^[7]

The 1993 record set at the Salamanca Invitational track meet was remarkable in that Sotomayor required only four jumps: he took his first jump at 2.32 metres (7 ft 7.34 in), passed at 2.35, cleared 2.38 metres (7 ft 9.70 in) on his first attempt, then had the bar raised to a record height of 2.45, which he missed on his first attempt and then succeeded on his second attempt, lightly brushing the bar. Videos of his record-setting leap show his unique, galloping approach with two elongated strides in the middle of his 14-step run, and a powerful left leg take-off as he pumps both of his arms: he begins his approach with three short steps, builds up speed, then takes exaggerated strides on steps 8 and 9, and then re-accelerates over his last five strides.

After setting the record in Salamanca, Sotomayor told reporters, "I wanted to set the record here because it is a small city in which I feel like I am in Cuba. The people recognize me in the street and ask how I'm doing, the children surround me and I find myself in a good mental state."

World indoor record in 1989

Sotomayor set the current world indoor record of 2.43 metres (7 ft 11.67 in) on March 4, 1989 in Budapest.^[8]

He broke the record during the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships, clearing 2.43 on his first attempt (and fifth jump overall). At this competition, Sotomayor was one of four men to clear 2.35 m, at which point he stood in third place, trailing Dietmar Mögenburg (Germany) and Dalton Grant (Great Britain) who each succeeded on their first attempts, while Sotomayor and Patrik Sjoberg (Sweden) each needed two tries. In Budapest, he took his first jump of the competition at 2.31 metres (7 ft 6.94 in), passed at 2.33, missed his initial try at 2.35 metres (7 ft 8.52 in) then cleared on his second attempt; made a huge first attempt clearance at 2.37 metres (7 ft 9.31 in); passed at 2.39; then had the bar raised for a record attempt at 2.43 metres (7 ft 11.67 in), clearing on his first try, just brushing the bar with the back of his thighs on the way down. Germany's Carlo Thränhardt, who had set the indoor record of 2.42 m one year earlier (26 February 1988) in Berlin, finished fifth at Budapest with a jump of 2.33 m.

Olympic champion in 1992

When he was finally able to compete in the Summer Olympics he won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics and then the silver medal at the 2000 Olympics (after the reversal of a drug suspension for drug usage). Between the games he won the 1993 and 1997 World Championship.

At the Barcelona Olympics, Sotomayor won the high jump on the basis of his ability to jump "clean" (no misses) at the highest height. Five men cleared the winning height of 2.34 metres (7 ft 8.13 in), but Sotomayor was the only one to clear the bar on his first attempt. All five competitors then failed at the next height, 2.37. Jumping last in the round, Sotomayor failed on his first two attempts at 2.37. When everyone else missed on their third attempts, Sotomayor was assured of the gold medal and therefore passed up his third attempt, opting for one try at a record height of 2.39, which he missed.^[9] Sotomayor was declared the victor on the basis of the tie-breaker: Patrick Sjoberg (Sweden) won the silver medal having cleared 2.34 on his second attempt, while Artur Partyka (Poland), Tim Forsyth (Australia) and Hollis Conway (USA) tied for the bronze medal.

Indoor and outdoor world champion in 1993

Less than one month after setting the world record of 2.45 metres (8 ft 0.46 in) at Salamanca (on 27 July), Sotomayor won the 1993 World Championships held at Stuttgart, Germany on 22 August. He outjumped the competition, establishing a new World Championships record of 2.40 metres (7 ft 10.49 in): the second-place jumper, Artur Partyka (Poland) jumped 2.37.

The last time he would clear 2.40 meters was on 25 March 1995 at the Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. A healthy Sotomayor attempted to defend his title at the 1995 World Championships, held in Goteborg, Sweden. He cleared the winning height of 2.37 metres (7 ft 9.31 in) on 8 August, but finished second to Troy Kemp (Bahamas) on the basis of missed jumps. Partyka finished third, at 2.35.

At the 1997 World Championships in Athens, Greece, Sotomayor again won the gold medal on 6 August, defeating Partyka with a 1997 world-leading jump of 2.37 m (on his second attempt), to the Partyka's 2.35 m (his best of the season to that date.)

1996 outdoor season

Sotomayor had a good start to 1996 during the indoor season, but was plagued by injury during the outdoor season. At the 1996 Summer Olympics he attempted to defend his Olympic title in Atlanta. He qualified for the finals with a jump of 2.28 on Friday, but in the finals on Sunday July 28, he could manage only his opening jump of 2.25 metres (7 ft 4.58 in), clearing on his first attempt. He then "passed" at the next height 2.29 metres (7 ft 6.16 in), and then failed in all three of his attempts at 2.32 (7' 7 1/4"). His 2.25 clearance left him in equal 11th position. This was a full 10 cm (4 inches) short of what was required to medal at Atlanta: American Charles Austin won the gold medal, breaking the Olympic record with a leap of 2.39 metres (7 ft 10.09 in).

Sotomayor underwent treatment for knee and heel injuries after his poor showing in the Atlanta Olympics and skipped the 1997 indoor season. He began training in Puerto Rico in spring 1997 for the outdoor season, but Cuban sports officials announced on 30 May 1997 that although Sotomayor was "in good form", he was withdrawing from the season's first big meet in Toronto and would instead make his season debut the following week at a track meet in France.^[10]

1999 Pan American Games

Sotomayor won the gold medal at the 1999 Pan American Games, held in Winnipeg. Just a few days after his victory, Games officials announced that his urine test tested positive for an illegal drug, cocaine (a stimulant), and on 4 August he was stripped of his medal and was sent home to Cuba in disgrace. At the time, this was widely regarded as the biggest drug scandal in the sport of track and field in over a decade (since Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics). In 1999 Sotomayor was a national celebrity, a well-known anti-drug crusader and the pride of Cuba's sports system. Mario Granda, Cuba's chief of sports medicine, reacted to the shocking news by saying the 31-year-old Sotomayor had "passed more than 60 drug tests" in his career and suggested that Sotomayor was the victim of sabotage.

2000 Olympics in Sydney

Sotomayor was allowed to participate in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney despite his two-year drug suspension from 1999. His suspension was upheld in June 2000, but in August the IAAF cut the penalty in half – effectively to time served – and allowed him to compete at Sydney at the age of 32. The finals of the men's high jump were held on Sunday September 24, in rainy, windy conditions which worsened as the event progressed. The wet surface greatly impacted the results. Seven men cleared 2.32 metres (7 ft 7.34 in) before the light rain began to worsen, and Russian Sergey Klyugin was the only jumper able to clear the next height, 2.35 metres (7 ft 8.52 in), doing so before the rain and wind peaked. Sotomayor was awarded silver on the count-back, having taken only two jumps with no misses (at 2.25 metres (7 ft 4.58 in) and 2.32): all other competitors had at least one failed attempt. The favorite to win the competition, Vyacheslav Voronin (Russia) managed to clear only 2.29 metres (7 ft 6.16 in) in the rain, after having cleared 2.40 metres (7 ft 10.49 in) one month before. Another medal favorite, Stefan Holm (Sweden), finished fourth and complained that the IAAF should not have reduced Sotomayor's two-year suspension.^[11]

Dominating career

Sotomayor has a rare dominance in the history of this event. At the time he retired he had 17 of the top 20 jumps all time. Only 13 men in history have jumped 2.40 meters or higher, and only 5 have done it more than once. Sotomayor did it 24 times (in 21 different competitions between September 1988 – March 1995). He is the only person to have cleared 2.44 m (8 ft) (which he did twice). Following his world record in September 1993, he had his greatest year in 1994, when he (again) was the only jumper to scale 2.40 m or better, doing so ten times that year: two during the indoor season in February, and seven times outdoors, starting at Seville on 5 June 1994, where he cleared 2.40 before recording the year's best jump of 2.42 metres (7 ft 11.28 in). Besides dominating the event on the Grand Prix circuit, Sotomayor recorded wins at the Goodwill Games in St Petersburg on 29 July, and at the World Cup in London on 11 September, where his best jump of 2.40 m was a record 12 centimeters above the next-best performance. The last time he would clear 2.40 meters was on March 25, 1995 at the Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Only Bohdan Bondarenko and Mutaz Essa Barshim have jumped higher outdoors since, although four men equaled the mark.

During his career, Sotomayor was ranked by Track & Field News in the "Top 10" in the men's high jump in ten different years, and was ranked #1 eight of those ten years: in 1988, 89, 1992, 93, 94, 95, 97 and 1998. By comparison, the jumper with second-most #1 rankings over a career is Russian Valeriy Brumel in five consecutive years (1961–65). For his career Sotomayor accumulated 123 ranking points, while the jumper with the second-most career points, American Dwight Stones has 90 points and four consecutive #1 rankings (1973–76.)^[12]

Technique

The Fosbury Flop style relies on speed, more specifically a jumper's ability to sustain acceleration over the last few strides. Sotomayor was deceptively fast for a tall man. Another key to his record-breaking ability was his confidence to get to record heights quickly, taking only four or five jumps at lower heights. His 1989 indoor record was achieved astonishingly quickly: Sotomayor did not even take his first jump until the bar was at 2.31 (7 ft 7in). He then passed at 2.33, but required two tries to clear 2.35; he then flew over 2.37 on his first jump and – with Carlo Thränhardt's year-old record of 2.42 in mind – Sotomayor decided to pass at 2.39 and had the bar raised to record height, 2.43, which he also cleared on his first attempt.

In addition to his speed, Sotomayor's height was also an advantage. Standing 1.95 m (6 ft 5in), his record jump of 2.45 is exactly 50 centimeters (19 3/4 inches) over his head. Some sources^[who?] list the Cuban's height as 1.93 m (6 ft 4 3/4in), which yields a height differential of 52 cm (20 1/2in); more than a dozen smaller men have jumped half a meter (20 in) above their heads, including Franklin Jacobs and Stefan Holm.

Drug tests

Sotomayor tested positive for cocaine at the 1999 Pan American Games, which Cuban president Fidel Castro claimed was a set-up by the Cuban-American Mafia.^[13] Sotomayor claimed his innocence. After months of hearings, an IAAF arbitration panel upheld the two-year ban on June 27, 2000. The Cuban federation continued to appeal his case, citing a clause in the IAAF rulebook that allows drug bans to be modified under "exceptional circumstances". In a controversial decision announced on August 2, the IAAF shortened the suspension to one year – which had elapsed on July 30 – thereby allowing him to compete in the 2000 Summer Olympics.^[14] IAAF's motivation for this action was that Sotomayor had done a great deal for the sport, had passed hundreds of drug tests during his long career, and acted exemplarily throughout.^[15] Two weeks after his suspension was lifted, Sotomayor returned to competition at a small track meet in Montauban, France, which he won with a jump of 2.28 metres (7 ft 5.76 in). Four days later he won a Golden League meet held in Monaco by clearing 2.30 metres (7 ft 6.55 in). Interviewed on French television immediately after his victory, Sotomayor said: "I was not fantastic today. I was very tired because I have been practicing a lot, and I also have a new baby since July, which is another reason why I'm a little tired. But I should be able to clear 2.36 or 2.37 at the Olympics. I just hope nobody else does 2.40."

End of career

In September 2001, Sotomayor announced that he would end his career, following yet another positive drug test during a training camp in June, this time for the anabolic steroid nandrolone.^[16] He avoided a lifetime ban that would normally follow a second positive test. This second test disqualified his fourth-place finish in his last World Championship. Once again, Sotomayor claimed he was innocent and that mistakes had been made during the handling of his doping test.^[16]

These allegations never gained strong support in his home country Cuba,^[16] although former IAAF Vice President and Doping Commission Chairman Arne Ljungqvist^[17] asserted these were both "crystal clear cases" in a Swedish interview.^[18]

In a February 2004 interview for Cuban news, Sotomayor said that injury had forced his retirement, not the doping scandal. An Achilles tendon problem hampered his performance, he said, and reduced his run-up from nine steps to seven and then just five.^[19]

Competition record

Year	Competition	Venue	Position	Notes
Representing  Cuba
1983	Central American and Caribbean Championships	Havana, Cuba	3rd	2.17 m
1984	Friendship Games	Moscow, Soviet Union	2nd	2.25 m
1985	World Indoor Games	Paris, France	2nd	2.30 m
	Central American and Caribbean Championships	Nassau, Bahamas	1st	2.30 m
1986	Pan American Junior Championships	Winter Park, United States	1st	2.27 m
	Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships (U20)	Mexico City, Mexico	1st	2.31 m (A)
	World Junior Championships	Athens, Greece	1st	2.25 m
	Ibero-American Championships	Havana, Cuba	1st	2.30 m
1987	World Indoor Championships	Indianapolis, United States	4th	2.32 m
	Pan American Games	Indianapolis, United States	1st	2.32 m
	World Championships	Rome, Italy	9th	2.29 m
1988	Ibero-American Championships	Mexico City, Mexico	1st	2.35 m A
1989	World Indoor Championships	Budapest, Hungary	1st	2.43 m (iWR)
	Central American and Caribbean Championships	San Juan, Puerto Rico	1st	2.44 m
	Universiade	Duisburg, West Germany	1st	2.34 m
1990	Central American and Caribbean Games	Mexico City, Mexico	1st	2.34 m (A)
1991	World Indoor Championships	Seville, Spain	3rd	2.31 m
	Pan American Games	Havana, Cuba	1st	2.35 m
	World Championships	Tokyo, Japan	2nd	2.36 m
1992	Ibero-American Championships	Seville, Spain	1st	2.30 m
	Olympic Games	Barcelona, Spain	1st	2.34 m
1993	World Indoor Championships	Toronto, Canada	1st	2.41 m
	Gran Premio Diputación	Salamanca, Spain	1st	2.45 m WR
	Central American and Caribbean Games	Ponce, Puerto Rico	1st	2.35 m
	World Championships	Stuttgart, Germany	1st	2.40 m
1994	Goodwill Games	St. Petersburg, Russia	1st	2.40 m
1995	World Indoor Championships	Barcelona, Spain	1st	2.38 m
	Pan American Games	Mar del Plata, Argentina	1st	2.40 m
	World Championships	Gothenburg, Sweden	2nd	2.37 m
1996	Ibero-American Championships	Medellín, Colombia	1st	2.30 m
	Olympic Games	Atlanta, United States	11th	2.25 m
1997	World Championships	Athens, Greece	1st	2.37 m
1998	Goodwill Games	Uniondale, United States	1st	2.33 m
	Central American and Caribbean Games	Maracaibo, Venezuela	1st	2.37 m
1999	World Indoor Championships	Maebashi, Japan	1st	2.36 m
	Pan American Games	Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada	–	DQ
2000	Olympic Games	Sydney, Australia	2nd	2.32 m
2001	World Indoor Championships	Lisbon, Portugal	5th	2.25 m
	World Championships	Edmonton, Canada	–	DQ

See also

• List of doping cases in athletics

References

External links

• 
  Javier Sotomayor (fundacionprincipedeasturias.org) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-09-26)


• 
  Cuba defiende a Sotomayor, apunta a la CIA (cubanet.org) (in Spanish) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-09-27)


• 
  World Record high jump on YouTube
  


• 
  Javier Sotomayor at the International Olympic Committee
  

Awards
Preceded by Miguel Indurain	Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 1993	Succeeded by Martina Navratilova
Records
Preceded by Patrik Sjöberg	Men's High Jump World Record Holder 1988-09-08 –	Succeeded by Incumbent
Achievements
Preceded by Patrik Sjöberg	Men's High Jump Best Year Performance 1988–1989	Succeeded by Sorin Matei
Preceded by Sorin Matei	Men's High Jump Best Year Performance alongside Charles Austin 1991	Succeeded by Steve Smith
Preceded by Steve Smith	Men's High Jump Best Year Performance 1993–1995	Succeeded by Charles Austin
Preceded by Charles Austin	Men's High Jump Best Year Performance 1997–1998	Succeeded by Vyacheslav Voronin