Foreign exchange controls
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Four exchange control stamps in a South African passport from the mid-1980s allowing the passport holder to take a particular amount of currency out of the country. Exchange controls such as these were imposed by the apartheid-era South African government to restrict the outflow of capital from the country.
Foreign exchange controls are various forms of controls imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.
Common foreign exchange controls include:
- Banning the use of foreign currency within the country
- Banning locals from possessing foreign currency
- Restricting currency exchange to government-approved exchangers
- Fixed exchange rates
- Restrictions on the amount of currency that may be imported or exported
Countries with foreign exchange controls are also known as "Article 14 countries", after the provision in the International Monetary Fund agreement allowing exchange controls for transitional economies. Such controls used to be common in most countries, particularly poorer ones, until the 1990s when free trade and globalization started a trend towards economic liberalization. Today, countries that still impose exchange controls are the exception rather than the rule.
Often, foreign exchange controls can result in the creation of black markets to exchange the weaker currency for stronger currencies. This leads to a situation where the exchange rate for the foreign currency is much higher than the rate set by the government, and therefore creates a shadow currency exchange market. As such, it is unclear whether governments have the ability to enact effective exchange controls.[1]
Contents
1 Countries with current foreign exchange controls
2 Countries that formerly had exchange controls
3 See also
4 References
Countries with current foreign exchange controls
Note that this list is very incomplete.
- Algeria
- Angola
- Armenia
Bahamas[2][not in citation given]- Cameroon
China[3][4]- Cuba
- Ethiopia
- Ghana
- India
- Iran
- Libya
- Morocco
- Myanmar
- Mozambique
Namibia[5]
Nepal[6]- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Russia
- Samoa
South Korea[7]
South Africa[8]- Sudan
- Tunisia
Ukraine[9]- Uzbekistan
- Venezuela
- Zimbabwe
Countries that formerly had exchange controls
Egypt - until 1995
Finland - until 1990
Israel - until 1994
Taiwan - until 1987
United Kingdom - until 1979[10]
See also
- Currency transaction tax
- Financial transaction tax
- Spahn tax
- Sterling Area
- Tobin tax
References
^ "The Use of Foreign Exchange Controls to Promote Economical Stability". earnforex.com. Retrieved 8 July 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ "The Central Bank of The Bahamas". Centralbankbahamas.com. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
^ https://www.export.gov/article?id=China-Foreign-Exchange-Controls
^ https://www.ft.com/content/b69166fa-ee01-11e7-b220-857e26d1aca4
^ "Exchange Control Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ "Foreign Investment Laws and Regulations in Nepal". 27 September 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
^ "The won that got away". 16 October 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
^ "Exchange Control Legislation". 27 September 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^ Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1979 - International Monetary Fund - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2000-02-29. ISBN 9781557758989. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
^ UK Exchange Controls end, New York Times, 24 October 1979 Retrieved 26 September 2018
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