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F minor

Relative key	A♭ major
Parallel key	F major
Dominant key	C minor
Subdominant	B♭ minor
Component pitches
F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭

F minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, and E♭. Its key signature consists of four flats. Its relative major is A♭ major and its parallel major is F major.

The F natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:

Music in F minor

Three famous pieces in the key of F minor are Beethoven's Appassionata Sonata, Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 2 and Haydn's Symphony No. 49, La Passione.

Glenn Gould once said if he could be any key, he would be F minor, because "it's rather dour, halfway between complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness."^[1]

Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Schubart described this key as "Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave".^{[citation needed]}

Notable compositions

E♯ minor

E♯ minor

Relative key	G♯ major (A♭ major)
Parallel key	E♯ major (F major)
Dominant key	B♯ minor (C minor)
Subdominant	A♯ minor (B♭ minor)
Enharmonic	F minor
Component pitches
E♯, F, G♯, A♯, B♯, C♯, D♯

E♯ minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E♯ and consisting of the pitches E♯, F, G♯, A♯, B♯, C♯ and D♯. Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp (or eight sharps).

The E♯ natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E♯ harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:

Its relative major is G♯ major, which is usually replaced by A♭ major. Its parallel major, E♯ major, is usually replaced by F major, due to the presence of 4 double-sharps in the E♯ major scale causing it to be one of the more impractical key signatures in music to use. Although E♯ minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17~22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C♯ major. (E♯ minor is the mediant minor key of C♯ major.)

See also

• Key (music)


• Major and minor


• Chord (music)


• Chord names and symbols (popular music)

Notes

External links

• 
  Media related to F minor at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Diatonic scales and keys
	Flats Sharps Major minor Major minor 0 C a C a 1 F d G e 2 B♭ g D b 3 E♭ c A f♯ 4 A♭ f E c♯ 5 D♭ b♭ B g♯ 6 G♭ e♭ F♯ d♯ 7 C♭ a♭ C♯ a♯ 8 F♭ d♭ G♯ e♯
The table indicates the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case.