List of rulers of Damascus

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This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present.



General context: History of Damascus.


Contents





  • 1 Canaanite


  • 2 Aram Damascus


  • 3 Period of non-independence


  • 4 Rashidun caliphs


  • 5 Umayyad caliphs


  • 6 Abbasid emirs


  • 7 Fatimid emirs


  • 8 Seljuq emirs


  • 9 Burid emirs


  • 10 Zengid atabegs


  • 11 Ayyubid sultans


  • 12 Mamluk na'ibs


  • 13 Ottoman walis


  • 14 Hashemite kingdom


  • 15 Capital of Syria


  • 16 See also


  • 17 References




Canaanite


  • Uz ben Shem (c. 2500 BC)


  • Biryawaza (14th century BC)


Aram Damascus



  • Rezon I (c. 950 BC)

  • Tabrimmon


  • Ben-Hadad I (c. 885 BCE-c. 865 BC)


  • Hadadezer (c. 865 BC-c. 842 BC)


  • Hazael (c. 842 BC-c. 804 BC)


  • Ben-Hadad III (c. 796 BC)

  • Tab-El (c. 770 BC)

  • Rezon II (c. 740 BC-732 BC)


Period of non-independence


  • to Assyria (732 BC-609 BC)
    • Ilu-Ittia (c. 8th century BC)

  • to Babylon (609 BC-539 BC)

  • to Persian Achaemenid Empire (539 BC-332 BC)

  • to Macedon (332 BC-323 BC)

  • to Antigonids (323 BC-301 BC)

  • to Ptolemaic Kingdom (301 BC-198 BC)

  • to Seleucids (198 BC-167 BC)

  • to Ituraea (167 BC-110 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)

  • to the Decapolis (110 BC-85 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)

  • to Nabataea (85 BC-64 BC)

  • to the Roman Republic/Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire (64 BC-635)
    • to the Ghassanids (529-584; ?-635)


Rashidun caliphs



  • Khalid ibn al-Walid (635-636)


  • Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah (636-637)


  • Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640)


  • Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan (640)


  • Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640-661)


Umayyad caliphs



  • Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661-680)


  • Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680-683)


  • Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683-684)


  • Marwan I ibn Hakam (684-685)


  • Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705)


  • al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik (705-715


  • Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik (715-717)


  • Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717-720 )


  • Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik (720-724)


  • Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724-743)


  • al-Walid II ibn Yazid II (743-744)


  • Yazid III ibn al-Walid (744)


  • Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (744)


  • Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira, 744-750)


Abbasid emirs



  • Abdallah ibn Ali (750-754)


  • Salih ibn Ali (754)

  • Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Abbasi(754-764)


  • Al-Fadl ibn Salih (766-775)


  • Abu Ja'far Harun al-Rashid (783-786)

  • Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (791-793)


  • Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (793-794)


  • Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (794-797)


  • Ja'far ibn Yahya (797-803)


  • Shu'ayb ibn Khazim (803-804)


  • Yahya ibn Mu'adh ibn Muslim (806-808)


  • Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (810-811)

  • Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (811-815)


  • Tahir ibn al-Husein (815-821)


  • Abdallah ibn Tahir (821-822)


  • Abu Ishaq Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (828-829)


  • al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun (829-833)

  • 'Ali ibn Ishaq (833-841)

  • Rija ibn Ayyub al-Hadari (841-847)

  • Malik ibn Sauq al-Taglibi (847-850)

  • Ibrahim al-Muyad ibn Mutawakkil (850-855)

  • al-Fath ibn Hakan al-Turki (856-861)

  • 'Isa ibn Muhammad ibn al-Shayh (861-864)


  • Amajur al-Turki (870-878)


  • 'Ali ibn Amajur al-Turki (878)

  • to Tulunid Egypt (877-896)


  • Tughj ibn Juff (896–905)


  • Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (905–906)

  • al-Rashidi (928–931)


  • Muhammad ibn Tughj (931–935)

  • to Ikhshidid Egypt (935-969), except for:
    • to Ibn Ra'iq (939–942)

    • Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Shahrzuri (943-945)


    • Sayf al-Dawla Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn Abu al-Shuja (briefly in 945 and 947)



Fatimid emirs



  • Abu Ali Ja'far ibn Fallah al-Kutami (970-971)

Qarmatian occupation of Damascus
  • Zalim ibn Mauhab al-Ukayli (973-974)

  • Jaysh ibn Muhammad (974)

  • Rayn al-Mu'izzi (974)


  • Alptakin al-Mu'izzi (975-978)

  • Qassam al-Turab (978-983)

Fatimid recovery of Damascus
  • Baltakin al-Turki (983)


  • Bakjur (983-991)

  • Ya'qub al-Siqlabi (991)


  • Manjutakin (993-996)

  • Sulayman ibn Fallah (996)

  • Bishara al-Ikhshidi (997-998)

  • Jaysh ibn Muhammad (998-1000)

  • Sulayman ibn Fallah (1000–1002)

  • Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Jafar (1002–1004)

  • Abu Salih Muflih al-Lihyani (1004–1009)

  • Hamid ibn Mulham (1009)

  • Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1010–1011)

  • Badr al-Attar (1011–1012)

  • Abu Abdallah al-Muzahhir (1012–1014)

  • Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ilyas (1015–1021)

  • Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1021–1023)

  • Shihab ad-Dawlah Shah Tegin (1023–1024)

  • Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1024–1028)


  • Anushtakin ad-Dizbari (1028–1041)


  • Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1041–1048)

  • Baha ad-Dawlah Takiq al-Saklabi (1048–1049)


  • Rifq al-Khadim (1049)

  • Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawlah (1049–1058)

  • Makin ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn 'Ali (1058)


  • Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1058–1060)

  • Sebuq Tegin (1060)

  • Muwaffaq ad-Dawlah Jauhar al-Mustansiri (1060–1061)

  • Hasam ad-Dawlah ibn al-Bachinaki (1061)

  • Uddat ad-Dawlah ibn al-Husein (1061)

  • Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawla (1061–1063)


  • Badr al-Jamali (1063)

  • Hisn ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Mansur (1063–1067)

  • Qutb ad-Din Baris Tegin (1068–1069)

  • Hisn ad-Dawlah Mualla al-Kitami (1069–1071)

  • Zain ad-Dawlah Intisar ibn Yahya al-Masmudi (1075–1076)


Seljuq emirs



  • Abaaq al-Khwarazmi (1076–1079)


  • Tutush I (1079–1095)


  • Duqaq (1095–1104)


  • Tutush II (1104)


  • Muhi ad-Din Baqtash (1104)


Burid emirs



  • Zahir ad-Din Toghtekin (1104–1128)


  • Taj al-Muluk Buri (1128–1132)


  • Shams al-Mulk Ismail (1132–1135)


  • Shihab ad-Din Mahmud (1135–1139)


  • Jamal ad-Din Muhammad (1139–1140)


  • Mu'in ad-Din Unur (Regent, 1140–1149)


  • Mujir ad-Din Abaq (1140–1154)


Zengid atabegs



  • Nur ad-Din Mahmud (1154–1174)


  • As-Salih Ismail al-Malik (1174)


Ayyubid sultans



  • Saladin (1174–1186)


  • Al-Afdal (1186–1196), Son of Saladin


  • Al-Adil I (1196–1218)


  • Al-Mu'azzam (1218–1227)


  • An-Nasir Dawud (1227–1229)


  • Al-Ashraf (1229–1237)


  • As-Salih Ismail (1237)


  • Al-Kamil (1237–1238)


  • Al-Adil II (1238–1239)


  • As-Salih Ayyub (1239)


  • As-Salih Ismail (1239–1245)


  • As-Salih Ayyub (1245–1249)


  • Turanshah (1249–1250)


  • An-Nasir Yusuf (1250–1260)


Mamluk na'ibs


  • Sanjar as-Salihi (August 1260–October 1260)[1]

  • Taybars al-Waziri (October 1260–1264)[1]

  • Aqush as-Salihi (1264–)[1]

  • Sunqur al-Ashqar (1275–1280)

  • Lajin al-Ashqar (1280-?)

  • Aqush Bey (c. 1290s)

  • Izz ad-Din Aybak (?-1296)

  • Shuja ad-Din Adirlu (1296–1297)

  • Sayf ad-Din Kipchak (1297–1312)


  • Sayf ad-Din Tanqiz as-Nasiri (1312–1340)

  • Yilbugha an-Nasiri (1340–1350)

  • Sayf ad-Din Manjak (1350)

  • Tash Timur (c. 1380)

  • Yilbugha al-Nasiri (?-1393)

  • Sayf ad-Din Tanibak (1393–1399)

  • Sudun (1399–1400)

  • occupied by Timur (1400–1401)

  • Taghribirdi az-Zahiri (1401-?)

  • Kijmas (c. 1470s)

  • Ghazali Arab (c. 16th century)

  • Shihab ad-Din Ahmad (1516–1517)


  • Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)


Ottoman walis




  • Yunus Pasha (c. 1516)


  • Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)


  • Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1521–1522)


  • Ferhad Pasha (1522–1523)


  • Hurram Pasha (1523–1525)


  • Sulayman Pasha al-Tawashi (1525–1526)


  • Lutf Pasha (1526–1528)


  • Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1528–1531)


  • Mustafa Ablaq Pasha (1531–1534)


  • Lutf Pasha (1534–1535)


  • Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1535)


  • Muhammad Kuzal Pasha (1536–1537)


  • Topal Sulayman Pasha (1537–1538)


  • Ahmed Pasha I (1538–1539)


  • Qese Husrau Pasha (1539–1541)


  • Isa Pasha (1541–1543)


  • Piri Pasha (1543–1545)


  • Hadim Sinan Pasha (1545–1550)


  • Piri Pasha (1550–1551)


  • Muhammad Pasha Bartaki (1551–1552)


  • Şemsi Pasha (1552–1555)


  • Hizr Pasha (1555–1561)


  • Ali Pasha Lankun (1561–1563)


  • Khusrau Pasha I (1563)


  • Lala Mustafa Pasha (1563–1569)


  • Murad Pasha Shaitan (1569)

  • Ali Pasha Lankun (1569–1570)


  • Haji Ahmed Pasha (1570–1571)


  • Lala Jafar Pasha (1574–1575)

  • Murad Pasha (1575–1577)


  • Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1577–1581)


  • Bahram Pasha (1581–1582)


  • Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić (1582–1583)


  • Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1583)


  • Qubad Sulayman Pasha (1584)


  • Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1585–1586)


  • Üveys Pasha (1586–1587)


  • Muhammad Pasha Farhad (1587–1588)


  • Üveys Pasha (1588–1589)


  • Elwanzade Ali Pasha (1589–1590)


  • Koca Sinan Pasha (1590)


  • Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1590–1591)


  • Mustafa Pasha I (1591–1592)


  • Khalil Pasha (1592–1593)


  • Qachirji Mohammad Pasha (1593–1594)


  • Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1594)

  • Murad Pasha (1594–1595)


  • Khusrau Pasha II (1595–1596)


  • Razia Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha (1596–1597)


  • Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1597–1598)


  • Ahmed Pasha II (1598)


  • Ahmed Pasha III (1598)


  • Khusrau Pasha II (1599)


  • Emir Mehmed Pasha (1599–1600)

  • Osman Pasha (1601–1603)


  • Farhad Pasha Bustanji (1603–1604)


  • Mustafa Pasha II (1604–1607)

  • Mahmud Pasha (1607–1608)


  • Sufi Sinan Pasha (1608–1609)


  • Ahmad al-Hafiz (1609–1615)


  • Silihdar Mehmed Pasha (1615–1618)


  • Ahmad al-Hafiz (1618–1619)


  • Mustafa Pasha III (1619–1620)


  • Sulayman Pasha I (1620–1621)


  • Murtaza Pasha Bustanji (1621–1622)


  • Mehmed Pasha Rushand (1622–1623)


  • Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq (1623–1624)


  • Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha (1624–1625)


  • Gurju Mehmed Pasha I (1625–1626)


  • Tayar Oglu Mehmed Pasha (1626–1628)


  • Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1628–1629)


  • Mustafa Pasha IV (1629–1630)


  • Nawaya Mehmed Pasha (1630–1631)


  • Ilyas Pasha (1632–1633)


  • Deli Yusuf Pasha (1633–1635)


  • Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1635–1636)

  • Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1636–1638)


  • Mustafa Pasha IV (1638–1639)


  • Chifteli Othman Pasha (1639–1640)


  • Mehmed Pasha I (1640–1641)


  • Serji Ahmed Pasha (1641–1642)


  • Melik Ahmed Pasha (1642–1643)


  • Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (1643)


  • Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1643–1644)


  • Gurju Mehmed Pasha II (1644–1645)


  • Ibrahim Pasha I (1645)


  • Mehmed Pasha Salami (1645–1646)


  • Gürcê Mehmed (1646)


  • Silahdar Yusuf Pasha (1646–1647)


  • Sufi Murteza Pasha (1647)


  • Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648)


  • Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1649)

  • Mehmed Pasha II (1649–1650)


  • Silahdar Murtaza Pasha (1650)


  • Sivaslı Mustafa Pasha (1650)


  • Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1650–1652)


  • Defterzade Mehmed Pasha (1653–1655)


  • Kara Murat Pasha (1655; died before taking office)


  • Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1656)


  • Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1659–1661)


  • Sulayman Pasha II (1661–1663)


  • Ribleli Mustafa Pasha (1663–1665)


  • Salih Pasha I (1665–1666)


  • Qara Mustafa Pasha (1666–1667)


  • Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu (1667–1669)


  • Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan (1669–1671)


  • Abazekh Husein Pasha (1671–1672)


  • Qara Mehmed Pasha (1672–1673)


  • Ibrahim Pasha Shushman (1673–1674)


  • Qer Husein Pasha (1674–1675)


  • Ibrahim Pasha II (1675–1676)


  • Bosniak Osman Pasha (1676–1679)


  • Abazekh Husein Pasha (1679–1683)


  • Ibrahim Pasha III (1684)


  • Bosniak Osman Pasha (1684–1685)


  • Kaplan Pasha (1686–1687)


  • Arap Salih Pasha (1687–1688)


  • Hamza Pasha (1688–1689)


  • Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha (1690)


  • Murtaza Pasha (1690–1691)


  • Gurju Mehmed Pasha III (1691–1692)


  • Çelebi Ismail Pasha (1692–1693)


  • Ibshir Mustafa Pasha (1693–1694)


  • Silihdar Osman Pasha (1695–1696)


  • Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha (1696–1697)


  • Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai (1697–1698)


  • Silihdar Husein Pasha (1699)


  • Silihdar Hasan Pasha (1700)


  • Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1701)


  • Salih Agha (1702)


  • Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram (1702–1703)


  • Osman Pasha Arnavud (1703)


  • Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1703–1704)


  • Defterdar Mustafa Pasha (1704)


  • Firari Hüseyin Pasha (1704–1705)


  • Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram (1705–1706)


  • Baltaci Süleyman Pasha (1706–1707)


  • Yusuf Pasha Qapudan (1707-1708)


  • Nasuh Pasha al-Aydini (1708–1712)


  • Jarkas Muhammad Pasha (1713-1715)


  • Tubal Yusuf Pasha (1715-1716)


  • Ibrahim Pasha Qapudan (1716)


  • Recep Pasha (1716)


  • Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1716–1717)


  • Abdullah Pasha Köprülü (1716–1717)


  • Rajab Pasha (1717-1718)


  • Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (1719-1721)


  • Ali Pasha Maqtul (1721–1722)


  • Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (1723–1725)


  • Ismail Pasha al-Azm (1725–1730)


  • Abdullah Pasha al-Aydinli (1731–1734)


  • Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1734–1738)


  • Husayn Pasha al-Bustanji (1738)


  • Uthman Pasha al-Muhassil (1739–1740)


  • Ali Pasha Abu Qili (1740)


  • Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1741–1743)


  • As'ad Pasha al-Azm (1743–1757)


  • Husayn Pasha ibn Makki (1757)


  • Abdullah Pasha al-Jatahji (1757-1759)


  • Muhammad Pasha al-Shalik (1759–1760)


  • Uthman Pasha al-Kurji (1760–1771)


  • Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (1771–1772)


  • Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanji (1773–1783)


  • Mehmed Pasha al-Kurji (1783)


  • Darwish Pasha al-Kurji (1783–1784)


  • Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1784–1786)


  • Husayn Pasha Battal (1786–1787)


  • Abdi Pasha (1787–1788)


  • Ibrahim Pasha al-Halabi (1788–1789)


  • Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1790–1795)


  • Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1795–1798)


  • Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1798–1799)


  • Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1799–1803)


  • Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1803–1804)


  • Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1804-807)


  • Kunj Yusuf Pasha (1807–1810)


  • Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1810-1812)[2]


  • Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (February 1812–May 1816)[3]


  • Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1816; interim)


  • Hafiz Amasyali Ali Pasha (1816–March 1817)


  • Salih Pasha (March 1817–1817)


  • Izmirli Süleyman Pasha (1817–1819)


  • Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1819–1822)


  • Beylanli Mustafa Pasha (June 1822–April 1823)


  • Salih Pasha (April 1823–January 1824)


  • Muftizade Ahmed Pasha (1824–May 1824)


  • Haci Veliyeddin Pasha (1825–1826)


  • Hakki Ismail Pasha (October 1826–1827)


  • Izmirli Haci Salih Pasha (1827–1828)


  • Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1828–1831)


  • Mehmed Selim Pasha (1831–1832)

  • to Egypt, autonomous from the Ottoman Empire
    • Ahmed Bey (1831–1832)


    • Ibrahim Pasha (1832)


    • Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1832–1838)

    • vacant (1838–1840)



  • Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1840–1841)


  • Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1841–1844)


  • Mehmed Namık Pasha (1845–1846)


  • Riza Pasha (1845–1846)


  • Musa Sefveti Pasha (1846)


  • Namiq Pasha (1848)


  • Mehmed Namık Pasha (1848–1850)


  • Osman Pasha Said Pasha (1850–1852)


  • Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1852)


  • Açaf Pasha (1852–1854)


  • Arif Mehmed Pasha (1854–1855)


  • Mehmed Namık Pasha (1855)


  • Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1855–1857)


  • Izzet Ahmed Pasha (1857)


  • Ali Pasha II (1858)


  • Mu'amer Pasha (1860)


  • Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1860–1861)


  • Ahmed Pasha IV (1861)


  • Emin Muhlis Pasha (1861–1862)


  • Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1862–1864)


  • Müterçim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (1864–1865)


  • Reshid Pasha (1865–1871)


  • Subhi Pasha (1871–1873)


  • Sherif Mehmed Re'uf Pasha (1873–1874)


  • Esad Pasha (1874–1875)


  • Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1875–1876)


  • Ahmed Pasha V (1876–1877)


  • Küçük Ömer Fevzi Pasha (1877–1878)


  • Ali Haydar Midhat Pasha (1878–1879)


  • Hamdi Pasha (1880–1885)


  • Rashid Nashid Pasha (1885–1888)


  • Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha (1888–1889)


  • Mustafa Asim Pasha (1889–1891)


  • Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1891–1892)


  • Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha (1892–1894)


  • Haçi Osman Nuri Pasha (1894–1895)


  • Hasan Pasha II (1896–1897)


  • Nazim Pasha (1897–1906)


  • Shukri Pasha (1906–1909)


  • Ismail Fazil Bey (1909–1911)


  • Ismail Ghalib Bey (1911–1912)


  • Kiazim Pasha (1912–1913)


  • Arif Bey (1913)


  • Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin (1914)


  • Jamal Pasha (1915)


  • Azmi Pasha (1915–1916)


  • Tahsin Bey (1916–1918)


  • Mehmed Gabriel Pasha (1918)


  • Shukri Pasha (October 1–2, 1918)



Hashemite kingdom



  • Faisal (1918–1920)


Capital of Syria


Main article: List of Presidents of Syria


  • French Syria (1920–1946)

  • Republic of Syria (1946–1958)


  • United Arab Republic (1958–1961)

  • Republic of Syria (1961–present)


See also


  • Timeline of Damascus

  • List of rulers of Aleppo


References




  1. ^ abc Sato, p. 79.


  2. ^ Sajdi, 2013, p. 98.


  3. ^ Douwes, 2000, p. 58.










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倭马亚王朝

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Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center 倭马亚王朝 بنو أمية ‎ 661年－750年 国旗 倭马亚哈里发国的版图 首都 大马士革（661-744） 哈兰（744-750） 常用语言 阿拉伯语（官方），亚拉姆语，亚美尼亚语，柏柏尔语族，非洲罗曼语，科普特语，格鲁吉亚语，希腊语，希伯来语，突厥语族，库尔德语 [1] ，波斯语，莫札拉布语 宗教 伊斯兰教逊尼派 政府 君主制 哈里发   • 661年–680年 穆阿威叶一世 • 744年–750年 马尔万二世 历史   • 穆阿威叶哈里发 661年 • 阿拔斯家族战胜并杀死马尔万二世，王朝灭亡 750年 面积 750年 13,400,000 km 2 人口 • 750年 34000000 货币 倭马亚第纳尔 先前国 继承国 四大哈里发 拜占庭帝国 西哥特王国 阿拔斯王朝 后倭马亚王朝 大伊朗地區歷史 現代國家興起前 現代之前 伊斯蘭之前 俾什达迪王朝 神话时期 凯扬王朝 （ 英语 ： Kayanian dynasty ） 神话时期 史前 （ 英语 ： Prehistoric Iran ） 埃蘭文明 前3200年－前2800年 埃蘭王朝 前2800年－前550年 吉罗夫特文化 （ 英语 ： Jiroft culture ） 卢卢比人 （ 英语 ： Lullubi ） 古提人 塞尔提亚人 （ 英语 ： Cyrtian ） 科杜内 （ 英语 ： Corduene ） 巴克特里亞-馬爾吉阿納 前2200年－前1700年 馬納王國 前10–前7世紀 米底王國 前728年－前550年 斯基泰王国 前652年–前625年 阿契美尼德王朝 前550年－前330年 塞琉古帝國 前330年－前150年 希腊-巴克特里亚王国 前250年－前125年 帕提亞帝國 前224年－公元248年 公元后 貴霜帝國 30–275年 薩珊王朝 224–651年 阿夫里格王朝 305–995年 嚈噠帝國 425–557年 喀布爾-夏希王朝 565–879年 达不义德王朝 （ 英语 ： Dabu
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Gabbro

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Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP A coarse-grained mafic intrusive rock Gabbro Photomicrograph of a thin section of gabbro Gabbro ( / ˈ ɡ æ b r oʊ / ) is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rock formed from the slow cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the Earth's surface. Slow-cooling, coarse-grained gabbro is chemically equivalent to rapid-cooling, fine-grained basalt. Much of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of gabbro, formed at mid-ocean ridges. Gabbro is also found as plutons associated with continental volcanism. Due to its variant nature, the term "gabbro" may be applied loosely to a wide range of intrusive rocks, many of which are merely "gabbroic". Contents 1 Etymology 2 Petrology 3 Distribution 4 Uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology The term "gabbro" was used in the 1760s to name a set of rock types that were found in the ophiolites of the Apenn
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托萊多 (西班牙)

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Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox captiontext-align:center 托萊多 城市 Toledo 托莱多的夕照景色——左邊的托莱多城堡和右邊的托莱多主教座堂在天際線中顯眼 旗幟 徽章 托萊多 坐标： 39°51′24″N 4°1′28″W  /  39.85667°N 4.02444°W  / 39.85667; -4.02444 坐标： 39°51′24″N 4°1′28″W  /  39.85667°N 4.02444°W  / 39.85667; -4.02444 國家   西班牙 西班牙 自治區   卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰 省 托萊多省 地区 托萊多 司法辖区 托萊多 聚居 約前7世紀 政府  • 市长 Emiliano García-Page Sánchez （PSOE） 面积  • 陸地 232.1 平方公里（89.6 平方英里） 海拔 529 米（1,736 英尺） 人口 （2015年）INE  • 總計 83,226  • 密度 35,904/平方公里（92,990/平方英里） 邮编 45001-45009 電話區號 +34 網站 http://www.ayto-toledo.org/ 托莱多 （西班牙語： Toledo ， 西班牙語： [toˈleðo] ），又稱 杜麗多 ，是西班牙中部的一个自治市，位于马德里西南约70公里。托莱多是托莱多省的首府，也是其所在的卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰自治区的首府。该市2017年人口83,741人 [1] 。 托莱多始於羅馬時期，在腓力二世前為卡斯蒂利亞王國（後西班牙王國）首都。它因其保存完好的基督教、伊斯兰教和犹太教建筑而在1986年被评为世界文化遺產，有哥德式、摩爾式、巴洛克式和新古典式各類教堂、寺院、修道院、王宮、城牆、博物館等古建築70多處。 目录 1 纹章 2 歷史事件 3 地理 4 气候 5 著名景点 6 友好城市 7 著名人物 8 图集 9 参考文献 10 外部連結 纹章 托莱多纹章 托莱多的纹章据称是由查理五世授予的。纹章由带着盾徽的黑色的帝国双头鹰组成。盾徽是卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂的纹章，下面有石榴图案。盾徽被金羊毛勋章垂饰所环绕。双头
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