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烟管蜗牛科;
	;
	; Cochlodina laminata;
; 科学分类 ;
界：	; 动物界 Animalia;
门：	; 軟體動物門 Mollusca;
纲：	; 腹足纲 Gastropoda;
目：	; 柄眼目 Stylommatophora;
亚目：	; 旋蝸牛亞目 Helicina;
下目：	; 烟管蜗牛下目 Clausilioidei;
总科：	; 烟管蜗牛总科 Clausilioidea;
科：	; 烟管蜗牛科 Clausiliidae; J. E. Gray, 1855;
; 模式属;
	; 烟管蜗牛属 Clausilia; ;

烟管蜗牛科（學名：Clausiliidae），亦作烟管螺科^[2]或密封蝸科，是烟管蜗牛总科之下的一種小型和非常長的科級分類。本科物種主要都是左旋物種的陸生蝸牛、會呼吸空氣的有肺類腹足綱直神經亞綱柄眼目軟體動物^[3]^:105。

本科舊屬柄眼目中尿道亞目（Mesurethra）^[4]及泛有肺類真有肺類柄眼類非正式群組弯尿道類。

截至2008年10月 (2008-10)^[update]，本科連同現生種及化石種合共有1300個物種，是陸生蝸牛當中其生物多樣性最高的分類單元（參照Orthalicidae，在整個腹足綱來說也只是僅次於海生的小塔螺科）。

本科物種在台灣的名稱叫作「烟管蝸牛科」，這是得名於其殻口的獨特「烟管」解剖結構，叫作「腔襞」^[5]^:116，讓牠們可以將牠們的口蓋（英语：aperture (mollusc)）變得可以像一扇趟門那樣把殻口關閉起來。

型態描述

Megalophaedusa martensi is the largest species of the family Clausiliidae in the world. The individual in the photograph has a shell which is 45.5 mm long. The whole snail weighs 3.2 g live.

幾乎所有本科的貝殻都是左旋的^[3]^:105，這在腹足綱物種的螺殻來說並不常見。殻的表面有肋樣構造^[3]^:105。殻長約10到15 mm^[3]^:105。

These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired, with numerous whorls.

The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.

「烟管」

Clausilia dubia的「烟管」構造。

烟管蜗牛科物種在肺螺類腹足綱軟體動物來說相當特殊，因為牠們大多數的殻口都有稱為「腔襞」的類似「烟管」構造，就像一扇趟門一樣。這種「烟管」與口蓋（英语：Operculum (gastropod)）並不一樣，因為在肺螺類物種都已有外套膜肺，並沒有「口蓋」這種構造。

腔襞是一種石灰質構造，舌形或調匙形，可將其殻口完全關閉，以防止肉食性的甲蟲幼蟲入侵其柔軟的身體。腔襞有不同的形態，如「月形」^[5]^:116或「弓形」^[6]腔襞、「倒C形腔襞」^[5]^:124、「工形腔襞」^[5]^:118、「平行腔襞」^[5]^:128等，還可以分為多個部分，如：上腔襞、下腔襞、月形襞及主襞等^[5]^:116。腔襞有「閉板」及「腔襞板」（clausilium slides）將其封閉：「閉板」是附生於殻軸的板狀構造，而腔襞板則是殻內壁的板狀突起^[5]^:116，由殻壁摺疊而形成。

生物學

本科物種的染色體的單倍體介乎21到30之間^[7]^:139,142。

分類學

本科的模式屬是烟管蜗牛属（Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805）。

根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，本科是彎尿道類非正式群組的成員^[8]，而這個群組在2010年的修訂被歸類為泛有肺類真有肺類演化支的成員^[9]。在2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，曲尿道類支序和泛有肺類都不再使用^[10]。

2005年分類

根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，本科包括下列各亞科：

烟管蜗牛亚科 Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
- tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 - synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
- tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979

subfamily Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913
- tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
- tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) - synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
- tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 - synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
- tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
- tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972

subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913 - synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999

subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981^[11]

斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
- 斜管螺族 Garnieriini C.R. Boettger, 1926
- 伞管螺族 Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002

subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978
- tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978^[12]
- tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985^[13]

subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923

subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
- tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
- tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
- tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
- tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
- tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
- tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994

subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 - Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930

subfamily Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922
- tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
- tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 - synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954

subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927

2017年分類

根據2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，煙管蝸牛科是柄眼目旋蝸牛亞目煙管蝸牛下目之下的煙管蝸牛總科的成員。本科之下的亞科從過往的11個亞科縮減至8個亞科21個族，分別如下：

Subfamily Alopiinae A.J. Wagner, 1913
- Tribe Alopiini A.J. Wagner, 1913
- Tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923)
- Tribe Delimini R. Brandt, 1956
- Tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997

Subfamily Clausiliinae Gray, 1855

斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926

Subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923

Subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924

Subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923

Subfamily Peruiniinae H. Nordsieck, 2005

Subfamily Phaedusinae A.J. Wagner, 1922
- Tribe Phaedusini A.J. Wagner, 1922
- Tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927
- Tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007

屬

以下詳列本科之下各個亞科所屬的分類單元：

烟管蜗牛亚科

烟管蜗牛亚科（Clausiliinae）包括以下兩族：

烟管蜗牛族（Clausiliini）
- 烟管蜗牛属 Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805 - with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977^[14]
- Erjaveci a Brusina, 1870^[14]
- Fusulus Fitzinger, 1833 - with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus^[14]
- Julica H. Nordsieck, 1963^[14]
- Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 - with three subgenera: Macrogastra, Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867^[14]
- Micridyla H. Nordsieck, 1973^[14]
- Neostyriaca A. J. Wagner, 1920^[14]
- Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 - has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians^[14]
- Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924^[14]

tribe Gracillariini
- Graciliaria Bielz, 1867^[15]

Alopiinae

Alopiinae^[16]

tribe Alopiini

Alopia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Alopia and Kimakowiczia Szekeres, 1969

Herilla H. & A. Adams, 1855

Triloba Vest, 1867

tribe Cochlodinini

Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 - with four subgenera: Cochlodina; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969

Macedonica O. Boettger, 1877

tribe Delimini

Barcania Brandt, 1956

Charpentieria Stabille, 1864 - with four subgenera: Charpentieria; Gibbularia Monterosato, 1908; Mauritanica O. Boettger, 1877; Siciliaria Vest, 1867 and Stigmatica O. Boettger, 1877

Delima Hartmann, 1842 - with four subgenera: Delima; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877 and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877

Dilataria Vest, 1867

Papillifera Hartmann, 1842

tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997

Agathylla H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969

Albinaria Vest, 1867 - also include former genera Carinigera Moellendorff, 1873; Cristataria Vest, 1867; Isabellaria Vest, 1867; Sericata O. Boettger, 1878.

Inchoatia Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006^[17]

Lampedusa - with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa

Leucostigma A. J. Wagner, 1919

Medora H. & A. Adams, 1855

Muticaria Lindholm, 1925

Strigilodelima A. J. Wagner, 1924

tribe Montenegrinini

Montenegrina O. Boettger, 1877

Protoherilla A. J. Wagner, 1921

Baleinae

Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877

Balea J. E. Gray, 1824

Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera Bulgarica, Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923

Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842

Likharevia H. Nordsieck, 1975

Menissa H. & A.Adams, 1855

Mentissella H. Nordsieck, 1973

Micropontica O. Boettger, 1881 - with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica

Mucronaria O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria

Quadriplicata O. Boettger, 1878

Vestia Hesse, 1916 - with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877

Constrictinae

Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:

† Constricta O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily^[8]

斜管螺亞科

斜管螺亞科（Garnieriinae）包括下列各屬：

Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877

斜管螺属 Grandinenia H. Minato & C. Chen, 1984^[18]

Indonenia Ehrmann, 1927

Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007

Neniauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2002

伞管螺属 Tropidauchenia Lindholm, 1924
- subsp. Euryauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
- subsp. Tropidauchenia

Eualopiinae

Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:

tribe † Eualopiini

† Eualopia O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily^[8]

tribe † Rillyini

† Rillya Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 - type genus of the tribe^[8]

Laminiferinae

Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 - the type genus of the family Laminiferinae.^[8] Its type species is fossil.^[8] (Actual status of the genus?)

Bofilliella Ehrmann, 1927

Neniatlanta Bouguignat, 1876

Mentissoideinae

Acrotoma O. Boettger, 1881 - with four subgenera: Acrotoma, Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002

Akramowskia H. Nordsieck, 1975

Armenica O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970

Bitorquata O. Boettger, 1877

Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 - with two subgenera: Boettgeriaand Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998

Elia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with four subgenera: Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877

Euxina O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924

Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 - with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875

Euxinella H. Nordsieck, 1973

Filosa O. Boettger, 1877

Galeata O. Boettger, 1877

Idyla H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994

Kazancia Neubert, 1992 - with two subgenera: Kazancia and Lasica Neubert, 1995

Macroptychia O. Boettger, 1877

Mentissoidea O. Boettger, 1877

Olympicola Hesse, 1916

Phrygica H. Nordsieck, 1994

Roseniella Thiele, 1931 - with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella

Sabaeola Lindholm, 1925

Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883

Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck, 1975

Strumosa O. Boettger, 1877

Sumelia H. Nordsieck, 1994

大口管螺亚科

大口管螺亚科（Neniinae Ehrmann, 1927）主要分佈於南美洲，但亦有少数分佈於中国南部、南亚及东南亚，包括以下各屬^[19]：

Andinia Polinski, 1922

Andiniella Weyrauch, 1958

Audiniastra H. Nordsieck, 2005

Bequaertinenia Weyrauch, 1964 - with two subgenera: Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004

Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005

Columbinia Polinski, 1924 - with three subgenera: Columbinia; Paranenia Rehder, 1939 and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926

Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck, 1999

Cylindronenia Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007

Ehrmanniella Zilch, 1949

Gonionenia Pilsbry, 1926

Gracilinenia Polinski, 1922

Hemicena Pilsbry, 1949

Incaglaia Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia

Incania Polinski, 1922

Leuconenia H. Nordsieck, 2005

大口管螺屬 Nenia H. & A. Adams, 1855

Neniaptyx H. Nordsieck, 2007

Neniatracta Pilsbry, 1926

Neniella Grego & Sekeres, 2004

Neniops Pilsbry, 1926

Nenisca Rehder, 1939

Parabalea Ancey, 1882

Peruinia Polinski, 1922

Pfeifferiella Weyrauch, 1957

Pseudogracilinenia Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984

Steeriana Jousseaume, 1900

Symptychiella H. Nordsieck, 1999 - with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella

Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855

Zilchiella Weyrauch, 1957

管螺亚科

管螺亚科（Phaedusinae Thiele, 1931）包括以下各屬^[20]：

管螺族 Phaedusini

管螺属 Phaedusa H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with four subgenera: Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Phaedusa; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984 and Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877

tribe Megalophaedusini

Leptacme Ehrmann, 1927^[21]

Oospira Blanford, 1872^[21] - with five subgenera: Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927; Formosana O. Boettger, 1877; Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924

Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 and Zaptyx

tribe ?

Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007

Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925 - with three subgenera: Bathyptychia; Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001 and Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001

Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001

Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera: Cylindrophaedusa and Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002

Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924 - with two subgenera: Dautzenbergiella and Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003

Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905

真管螺属 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877^[22]： - with five subgenera: Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Euphaedusa; Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003：又名小煙管蝸牛屬。

Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887

拟管螺属 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877：with 10 subgenera: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa; Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001; Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994 and Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924

Heterozaptyx Pilsbry, 1906

Juttingia Loosjes, 1965 - with two subgenera: Juttingia and Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002

Lindholmiella Ehrmann, 1927

Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924

Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002

Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Luchuphaedusa and Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905

Macrophaedusa Moellendorff, 1883

Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001

Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with four subgenera: Megalophaedusa; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 and Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa is a synonym of Megalophaedusa).^[23]

Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905

Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005

Oligozaptx Pilsbry, 1905

Paraphedusa O. Boettger, 1877

Parazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905

Pliciphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1998

Pulchraptyx Minato, 1981

Reinia Kobelt, 1876 - with three subgenera: Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Reinia

Renschiphaedusa Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973

Selenoptyx Pilsbry, 1908

Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001

Sinigena Lindholm, 1925

Stereozaptyx Pilsbry, 1905

Streptodera Lindholm, 1925

Synprosphyma Germain, 1919 - with two subgenera; Excussispira Lindholm, 1925 and Synprosphyma

Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry, 1908

Tyrannophaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Aulacophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Tyrannophaedusa

Tyrannozaptyx Käufel, 1930

Zaptychopsis Ehrmann, 1927

Serrulininae

Caspiophaedusa Lindholm, 1924

Dobatia H. Nordsieck, 1973

Graecophaedusa Rähle, 1982

Laeviphaedusa Likharev & Stelkov, 1965

Microphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1978

Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres, 1995

Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres, 1995

Pravispira Lindholm, 1924

Pontophaedusa Lindholm, 1924

Pontophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 1994

Sciocochlea C. Boettger, 1935

Serrulina Mousson, 1873

Serrulinella H. Nordsieck, 1984

Truncatophaedusa Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994

Tsoukatosia Gittenberger, 2000 - with two subgenera: Agiosspeleikos A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 and Tsoukatosia

保育

儘管非海洋軟體動物當中本科物種看似易危^[24]，但在《國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》只有9個本科的物種被列入名錄內^[25]。

參考文獻

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^ 皱纹岛管螺. 科学数据库-中国动物主题数据库-中国动物物种编目数据库. [2018-06-11] （中文（简体）‎）.

^ ^3.0^3.1^3.2^3.3 宋大祥; 吳岷 (编). 英漢動物學詞典. 科學出版社. 2008. ISBN 978-7-03-021302-0 （中文（简体）‎）.

^ Mesurethra. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [2018-05-27] （英语）.

^ ^5.0^5.1^5.2^5.3^5.4^5.5^5.6 蝸牛不思議

^ 陳德牛; 張國慶 (编). 德氏拟管螺 Hemiphaedusa draesekei Blume. 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物第19卷软体动物门腹足纲柄眼目烟管螺科第一版. 科学出版社. [2018-07-16]. ISBN 9787030067975 （中文（简体）‎）.

^
The biology of terrestrial molluscs於Google Books。

^ ^8.0^8.1^8.2^8.3^8.4^8.5 Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á.; Warén, A. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.-P., 编. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany / Ann Arbor, USA: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1-2): 397 pp. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.

^ Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10: 323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 （英语）.

^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim , A.; Kano , Y.; Nützel , A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong , E.E. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1-2): 1–526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201 （英语）.

^ Nordsieck H. (1981). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 111(1-3): 101.

^ Nordsieck H. (1978). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 109(1-3): 104.

^ Nordsieck H. (1985). Heldia 1(3): 83.

^ ^14.0^14.1^14.2^14.3^14.4^14.5^14.6^14.7^14.8 "Clausiliini". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.

^ "Graciliaria". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.

^ Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Leiden University, ISBN 90-6464-874-3.

^ Gittenberger E. & Uit de Weerd D. R. (2009). "Summarizing data on the Inchoatia taxa, including Inchoatia megdova bruggeni subspec. nov. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)" Zoologische Mededelingen 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a08

^ Family: CLAUSILIIDAE. WMSD - Worldwide mollusc species DB. [2018-04-02] （英语）.

^ 引用错误：没有为名为shelldoc/中国动物志W7的参考文献提供内容

^ 管螺亚科 Phaedusinae. 《中国动物志无脊椎动物》 第七卷. [2018-04-02] （中文（简体）‎）. ^{[永久失效連結]}

^ ^21.0^21.1 Maassen W. J. M. & Gittenberger E. (2007). "Three new clausiliid land snails from Tonkin, northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen 81(1): http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/81/nr01/a10

^ 真管螺属 Euphaedusa. 《中国动物志无脊椎动物》 第七卷. [2018-04-02] （中文（简体）‎）. ^{[永久失效連結]}

^ cf. Nordsieck H. (2006). "Species list of recent Clausiliidae".

^ Lydeard, C.; Cowie , R.; Ponder , W.F.; 等. The global decline of nonmarine mollusks (PDF). BioScience. 2004-04, 54: 321–330 [2009-10-20]. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-03-31）（英语）. |author=和|last1=只需其一 (帮助); |archiveurl=和|archive-url=只需其一 (帮助); |accessdate=和|access-date=只需其一 (帮助); |archivedate=和|archive-date=只需其一 (帮助)

^ IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 5 March 2010.

延伸閱讀

Maltz, T. K.; Sulikowska-Drozd, A. Life Cycles of Clausiliids of Poland — Knowns and Unknowns. Annales Zoologici. 2008, 58 (4): 857–880. doi:10.3161/000345408X396783 （英语）.

Nordsieck H. (2007). Worldwide Door Snails. ConchBooks, 213 pp. ISBN 978-3-939767-07-7.

Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Leiden University. HTM, PDF.

Uit de Weerd D. R., Piel W. H. & Gittenberger E. (2004). "Widespread polyphyly among Alopiinae snail genera: when phylogeny mirrors biogeography more closely than morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 533-548. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.010

外部連結

Nordsieck H. (2005–2007). www.clausilia.de at Internet Archive.

Nordsieck H.: http://www.hnords.de: Internet journal for the malacology of landsnails (with special regard to Clausiliidae).

BioLib info

[JEGray_1855-1] J. E. Gray. April 14, 1855. Catalogue of Pulmonata or air-breathing Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I: 156.

[2] 皱纹岛管螺. 科学数据库-中国动物主题数据库-中国动物物种编目数据库. [2018-06-11] （中文（简体）‎）.

[Song_en_Wu_2008-3] 3.0^3.1^3.2^3.3 宋大祥; 吳岷 (编). 英漢動物學詞典. 科學出版社. 2008. ISBN 978-7-03-021302-0 （中文（简体）‎）.

[ITIS_76889-4] Mesurethra. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [2018-05-27] （英语）.

[Xie_2013-5] 5.0^5.1^5.2^5.3^5.4^5.5^5.6 蝸牛不思議

[zgdwz-6] 陳德牛; 張國慶 (编). 德氏拟管螺 Hemiphaedusa draesekei Blume. 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物第19卷软体动物门腹足纲柄眼目烟管螺科第一版. 科学出版社. [2018-07-16]. ISBN 9787030067975 （中文（简体）‎）.

[Barker_2001-7] 
The biology of terrestrial molluscs於Google Books。

[Bouchet_2005-8] 8.0^8.1^8.2^8.3^8.4^8.5 Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á.; Warén, A. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.-P., 编. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany / Ann Arbor, USA: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1-2): 397 pp. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.

[9] Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10: 323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 （英语）.

[10] Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim , A.; Kano , Y.; Nützel , A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong , E.E. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1-2): 1–526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201 （英语）.

[11] Nordsieck H. (1981). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 111(1-3): 101.

[12] Nordsieck H. (1978). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 109(1-3): 104.

[13] Nordsieck H. (1985). Heldia 1(3): 83.

[FE_Clausiliini-14] 14.0^14.1^14.2^14.3^14.4^14.5^14.6^14.7^14.8 "Clausiliini". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.

[15] "Graciliaria". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.

[16] Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Leiden University, ISBN 90-6464-874-3.

[17] Gittenberger E. & Uit de Weerd D. R. (2009). "Summarizing data on the Inchoatia taxa, including Inchoatia megdova bruggeni subspec. nov. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)" Zoologische Mededelingen 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a08

[18] Family: CLAUSILIIDAE. WMSD - Worldwide mollusc species DB. [2018-04-02] （英语）.

[shelldoc/中国动物志W7-19] 引用错误：没有为名为shelldoc/中国动物志W7的参考文献提供内容

[20] 管螺亚科 Phaedusinae. 《中国动物志无脊椎动物》 第七卷. [2018-04-02] （中文（简体）‎）. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[Maassen_2007-21] 21.0^21.1 Maassen W. J. M. & Gittenberger E. (2007). "Three new clausiliid land snails from Tonkin, northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen 81(1): http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/81/nr01/a10

[22] 真管螺属 Euphaedusa. 《中国动物志无脊椎动物》 第七卷. [2018-04-02] （中文（简体）‎）. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[23] . Nordsieck H. (2006). "Species list of recent Clausiliidae".

[Lydeard_2004-24] Lydeard, C.; Cowie , R.; Ponder , W.F.; 等. The global decline of nonmarine mollusks (PDF). BioScience. 2004-04, 54: 321–330 [2009-10-20]. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-03-31）（英语）. |author=和|last1=只需其一 (帮助); |archiveurl=和|archive-url=只需其一 (帮助); |accessdate=和|access-date=只需其一 (帮助); |archivedate=和|archive-date=只需其一 (帮助)

[25] IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 5 March 2010.

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